保护性耕作措施对红枣树光合特性及产量的影响

以5年生骏枣为试验材料,研究不同保护性耕作措施对红枣树光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同耕作处理叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、净光合速率和蒸腾速率总体上均表现为翻耕旋耕免耕;不同覆盖处理SPAD值、净光合速率和蒸腾速率均表现为秸秆覆盖裸地覆膜。(2)红枣坐果期净光合速率的日变化大致呈双峰曲线,各处理除免耕覆膜覆盖(NF)和旋耕秸秆覆盖(RS)外净光合速率总体上略高于对照免耕裸地(NB),差异不显著;而蒸腾速率则表现为先降低再升高最后降低,其中翻耕秸秆覆盖(TS)高于对照(NB)3.63%,达显著水平。(3)不同保护性耕作措施除翻耕覆膜覆盖(TF)外均能提高红枣产量,且效果明显,最大值TS高于最小值TF 73.96%,且TS高于对照(NB)44.53%,均表现出极显著差异。综合分析表明,TS处理具有较高的SPAD值、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和产量,是适宜该区枣园管理的耕作方式。     

Soil degradation and mitigation in agricultural lands in the Indian Anthropocene

Current widespread and intensive soil degradation in India has been driven by unprecedented levels of population growth, large-scale industrialization, high-yield agriculture, urban sprawl and the spread of human infrastructure. The damage caused to managed and natural systems by soil degradation threatens livelihoods and local services and leads to national socio-economic disruption. Human-induced soil degradation results from land clearing and deforestation, inappropriate agricultural practices, improper management of industrial effluents and wastes, careless management of forests, surface mining, urban sprawl, and ill-planned commercial and industrial development. Of these, inappropriate agricultural practices, including excessive tillage and use of heavy machinery, over-grazing, excessive and unbalanced use of inorganic fertilizers, poor irrigation and water management techniques, pesticide overuse, inadequate crop residue and/or organic carbon inputs, and poor crop cycle planning, account for nearly 40% (121 Mha) of land degradation across India. Globally, human activities related to agriculture contribute to the transgression of four of the nine Planetary Boundaries proposed by Rockström et al. (2009): Climate Change, Biodiversity Integrity, Land-system Change, and altered Phosphorus and Nitrogen Biogeochemical Flows. This review focuses on how knowledge of soil processes in agriculture has developed in India over the past 10 years, and the potential of soil science to meet the objectives of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal 2: Zero Hunger (End hunger, achieve food security, improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture), using the context of the four most relevant Planetary Boundaries as a framework. Solutions to mitigate soil degradation and improve soil health in different regions using conservation agricultural approaches have been proposed. Thus, in this review we (1) summarize the outputs of recent innovative research in India that has explored the impacts of soil degradation on four Planetary Boundaries (Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, Land-system Change, and altered Biogeochemical Flows of Phosphorus and Nitrogen) and vice-versa; and (2) identify the knowledge gaps that require urgent attention to inform developing soil science research agendas in India, to advise policy makers, and to support those whose livelihoods rely on the land.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区小流域土壤侵蚀及其预报模型研究

在小流域内建立人工径流试验小区和自然坡面径流试验小区,观测天然降雨条件下的土壤侵蚀现象、土壤侵蚀量和小流域出口治沟骨干工程的淤积量,并对小流域土壤侵蚀进行了分类。在特别界定小流域"坡面侵蚀"、"沟道侵蚀"和沟道"重力侵蚀"词语含义的基础上,建立起坡面侵蚀模数和沟道侵蚀模数的预报模型。该侵蚀预报模型具有较高的精度,适用于年降雨量为430mm左右的黄土丘陵沟壑区。     

北疆棉区不同杂草上草蛉发生密度及季节消长

本研究于2015—2017年通过扫网法系统调查了北疆棉田周边17种常见杂草上草蛉种群密度与季节动态.结果表明:北疆棉区杂草带上共有6种草蛉分布,其中普通草蛉Chrysopa carnea(占64.8％)、叶色草蛉C.phyllochroma(占25.8％)为优势种.草蛉种群密度在不同杂草上存在显著差异,紫花苜蓿、大麻上...     

云南省抚仙湖流域森林植被及其水土保持价值研究

利用法国SPOT5卫星遥感影像现地对照,将抚仙湖流域森林植被划分为5个植被型6个植被亚型23个森林类型并统计面积,调查统计各类森林植被的树种结构和覆盖程度,分析了森林植被特征。结果表明,抚仙湖流域森林的固土物质量为137.50×106t/a,固土价值为622.30×106元/a;涵养水源价值为506.84×106元/a。     

贵州水土保持林价值计算方法探讨

本文从贵州实际出发，运用经济管理学理论和林木生长发育规律，在系统分析水土保持林价值构成因素以及各因素之间关系的基础上，建立起一个能满足以树种（类型）为单元的水土保持林价值计算模型。在为水土保持林价值的评估、征占、置换、流转、买卖等活动提供计量、计价依据和方法的同时，还为水土保持林所有者和经营者提供了增加效益的方向与技术关键。     

不同水土保持模式下坡耕地的土壤水分特征

针对松嫩平原北部丘陵漫岗区坡耕地存在的干旱与水土流失并存的问题,选取了垄向区田、鼠道、鼠道+暗管、鼠道+垄向区田、鼠道+暗管+垄向区田、常规耕作等6种水土保持技术模式,研究了土壤水分变化特征。结果表明,从整体上看,不同水土保持技术模式0～100cm土层土壤储水量与时段降雨量变化趋势一致,土壤储水量大小的技术模式依次为,鼠道+暗管+垄向区田>鼠道+垄向区田>垄向区田>鼠道+暗管>鼠道>常规耕作。各水土保持技术模式的总蒸散量大小依次为:鼠道+暗管+垄向区田>鼠道+垄向区田>鼠道+暗管>鼠道>垄向区田>常规耕作。研究结果为松嫩平原北部丘陵漫岗区坡耕地水土保持技术模式的合理选择提供依据。     

Wildlife or livestock? New directions for developing communal rangelands in South Africa

The paper agrees with three fundamental points raised by Vetter (in this issue), whilst highlighting an emerging trend in wildlife land use, which should be considered in policy making. Firstly, the paper supports the argument that communal rangelands are important as objects of biodiversity conservation and, secondly, the argument that livestock production alone is not sufficient as a mechanism for alleviating poverty, but rather livelihoods diversification and multisectoral strategies are required for this purpose. Lastly, the paper supports the need for mechanisms to ensure tenure security for sustainable use of communal rangelands. I argue that the historical shift to wildlife land use previously observed on private farms in South Africa is now inevitable on communal rangelands and will require explicit consideration in the policy on communal rangelands. Although such development in the communal rangelands has potential to meet the important goals of livelihoods diversification as indicated by Vetter, it also has potential to threaten existing rural livelihoods. The paper suggests several issues to be considered as wildlife becomes part of the rural landscape in some areas, in addition to issues raised by Vetter relevant to policy making.     

福建华安竹类植物园建设成效与问题剖析

华安竹类植物园是我国规模较大、竹子种属较全,具有较高影响力的竹子基因库,自然条件下保存有竹子30属321种,筛选出的30种优良生态经济竹种在生产上已得到规模化推广应用。本文分析了该园建设成就与存在的问题,并提出解决问题的建议。     

晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能

林地(包括枯落物层和土壤层)是森林植被水源涵养功能的主体,在水土保持中具有举足轻重的作用。根据蔡家川流域林地枯落物和土壤的分析与测定,研究比较了晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能。结果表明,不同植被类型枯落物的最大有效拦蓄量的大小排序为:虎榛子林(2 85mm)>沙棘林(2 38mm)>刺槐林(1 88mm)>油松×刺槐林(1 31mm)>油松林(0 77mm)。不同植被类型0～60cm土层的林地土壤最大拦蓄量为:虎榛子林(248 2mm)>油松×刺槐林(241 0mm)>刺槐林(210 2mm)>油松林(198 1mm)。晋西黄土区不同森林植被的林地水源涵养功能研究,为该区水土保持林的合理经营与利用提供了科学依据。