运输胁迫下日本黄姑鱼肝脏抗氧化系统的响应

研究了运输胁迫对日本黄姑鱼(Nibea japonica)肝脏抗氧化能力的影响。胁迫处理后,鱼体肝脏中抗氧化防御指标受到不同程度的影响。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力快速升高并显著高于处理前水平(P0.05),之后逐渐下降到与处理前无显著性差异。谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活力在处理后也有所升高,但一直与处理前无显著性差异(P0.05)。肝脏中维生素C(VC)含量在处理后1 h显著性升高,以应对氧化压力;而自由基含量先升在胁迫0.5 h后快速降低并恢复到处理前水平。丙二醛(MDA)含量在处理后0.5 h达到最高值,然后快速恢复并与处理前无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,运输胁迫能通过氧化应激反应对日本黄姑鱼造成影响,在胁迫应激反应中SOD和CAT可以作为有效的生物指示剂用于胁迫状态的检测;同时,日本黄姑鱼具有较强的抗氧化防御体系,能较快地清除体内自由基并调整鱼体以适应外界环境的影响。     

Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) post-larval survival related to age, temperature, pH and ammonium concentration

Transport of post‐larvae shrimp used in aquaculture is an important element of successful cultivation because of the potential for stress during stocking procedures. To find optimum transport conditions, several bioassays were performed in the laboratory to evaluate survival of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei 5–30‐day‐old postlarvae under conditions similar to those encountered during transport from the hatchery to nursery and shrimp ponds. Postlarvae were exposed for 4 h to different temperatures and pH levels ammonia concentrations. Survival was significantly reduced after a 4 h exposure to pH 9 and was inversely related to temperature with or without 7 mg L^?1 of ammonia. The 15‐ and 20‐day‐old postlarvae had higher survival rates than other ages. The lowest survival occurred in alkali conditions (pH 9), with 7 mg L^?1ammonia at 30 and 32°C. To assure optimal survival of postlarvae during transfer from the hatchery to the nursery and shrimp ponds, we recommend temperatures below 28°C, pH no higher than 8, no ammonia and post‐larval age at least 15 days.     

山地果园单向牵引式双轨运输机摩擦制动装置设计与试验

针对山地果园单向牵引式双轨运输机运行时存在钢丝绳松脱或断裂等问题,研制了一种摩擦制动装置,在描述载物滑车总体结构的基础上,重点分析了制动装置制动过程、关键结构的受力分析及台架制动测试试验.有限元分析表明,支撑柱的最大应力为6.3 MPa,最大位移为2.1×10-5 mm,且出现在支撑柱与摩擦片固定装置相连的螺栓截面上;轨道的最大应力为70.9 MPa,最大位移约为0.65 mm,且出现在直轨道与摩擦片接触面上,呈对称分布.台架试验结果表明,该制动装置的制动成功率为100％;高速摄影试验表明,随着装载质量的增大,制动时间及振幅均增加.该研究可为山地果园单向牵引式轨道运输机械的整机结构设计提供参考.     

膜下滴灌布置方式对土壤水盐运移和产量的影响

以棉花主要根系层各生育期保持适宜土壤含水率为灌水目标,设置一膜单管四行和一膜双管四行两种毛管布置方式,以TRIME-T3管式TDR测定土壤含水率指示灌水,开展膜下滴灌大田试验,研究了干旱区膜下滴灌棉田土壤水盐运移规律及分布特征,并对不同滴灌模式下的棉花产量和灌溉水生产效率进行评价。结果表明:膜下滴灌单、双管布置棉花生育期内灌溉定额分别为390、550 mm;双管布置在10~40 cm棉花主要根系层形成适宜作物生长的淡化脱盐区,生育期内棉花主要根系层土壤含水率处于适宜的范围,灌水均匀度高,控盐效果好,棉花生长不受水盐胁迫;单管布置盐分随水分运移至湿润锋边缘至外行,棉花主要根系层有积盐的趋势,加上滴头流量大,不利于淡化脱盐区的形成。膜下滴灌毛管布置方式决定土壤水盐分布特征,进而影响植株对水分和养分的吸收,单、双管布置棉花产量分别为5 355、6 075 kg·hm~(-2),灌溉水生产效率分别为1.38、1.11 kg·m~(-3),单管布置灌溉水生产效率较高。     

Comparative Study of Nutrient Deficiencies on Growth and Photochemistry of Tobacco

Abstract

Element deficiencies, such as molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), lead to disturbances of morphological and physiological processes of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). On exposure to nutrient solution without Mo, leaf morphology was significantly affected, whereas photosynthetic processes conserved their normal activities. The decreased Mo, Fe, and Ca concentrations in tobacco were associated with loss of pigments and photosynthetic disturbances. In Ca‐deficient plants a reduction in the rate constant of energy trapping by PSII centers and a physical dissociation of LHC from PSII core, were observed. The poisonous action of Fe and Ca deficiencies focused mainly in the decreased proportion of active chlorophyll associated with the reaction center (RC) of PSII (decreased F _v /F ₀) and in the declined total number of electrons that have gone through the RCs (decreased Area/F _m  ? F ₀). In parallel, the non‐photochemical quenching coefficient was significantly enhanced in Fe and Ca‐deficient plants, but remained unchanged in Mo‐deficient plants. It is obvious that nutrient deficiency may trigger some protective mechanisms in order to PSII could maintain its activity under that type of stress.     

改性玉米芯制备太阳能界面蒸发体及其性能分析

针对天然生物质材料应用于海水淡化领域,蒸发效率较低、材料容易降解等问题,采用多巴胺对天然玉米芯进行改性处理,以改性玉米芯为基底,在其表面包覆炭黑-纤维素薄膜,制备了一种集光热转换、输水、隔热于一体的太阳能界面蒸发体。对改性玉米芯蒸发体的光学吸收性能、输水性能、接触角进行表征,并搭建了室内蒸发试验和户外蒸发试验系统,测试了改性玉米芯的蒸发性能,与天然玉米芯相比,改性玉米芯蒸发体的蒸发速率相对未改性的提升了约10.4%。对改性玉米芯蒸发体进行了30次循环试验,蒸发体均保持稳定的蒸发速率,整个循环测试中蒸发速率波动不超过1%。并且,长期工作后,蒸发体表面没有盐分沉积,没有出现材料软化、降解现象。改性玉米芯蒸发体在海水环境中能够保持良好、稳定的蒸发性能,且能够有效降低海水中的Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺等离子浓度,达到世界卫生组织所规定的饮用标准中的相应限值。改性玉米芯蒸发体的制备方法简单、成本低廉、蒸发性能稳定,为扩展生物质材料在海水淡化领域的应用提供了有效途径。     

Response to salinity of three grain legumes for potential cultivation in arid areas

Abstract

The material balance of all the chemical species associated with the phosphate sorption reaction by two amorphous clays, silica-alumina gel and synthetic goethite was investigated adjusting the initial pH to 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0. Phosphate sorption was found to decrease with increasing initial pH. During phosphate sorption, the equilibrium pH rose, adsorption of Cl^- decreased to a state of negative adsorption, adsorption of Na⁺ increased markedly, silicate was released, and Al in the solution was precipitated. With increasing initial pH, the amount of apparent released OH^- increased, the amount of Na⁺ adsorption increased, and the amount of released silicate decreased. The overall relationship of the material balance is explained in terms of the charge balance associated with phosphate sorption.     

The global distribution of wind-induced upwelling

The global distribution of wind-induced upwelling at the base of the surface Ekman layer has been computed from the COADS monthly wind stress from 1950 to 1988. In contrast to previous studies where the Ekman transport equations became invalid near the Equator, this paper computed upwelling right to the equator by incorporating friction in the surface transport equations. Comparing the seasonal changes in the equatorial upwelling between the Atlantic and the Pacific, we found that the Atlantic had the larger magnitude change while the Pacific had the larger latitudinal shift. The anomalous wind-induced upwelling/downwelling associated with El Niño were computed over several latitudinal bands in the Pacific by compositing the data from six El Nino events. By plotting the July zonally averaged upwelling anomalies in the Pacific in a latitude-time contour plot, we found northward phase propagation at about 3.5° latitude per decade in the low latitudes, a feature not found in the January upwelling. Long-term upwelling trends were computed and their potential influence on fisheries are discussed.     

田间土壤剖面中阿特拉津的迁移试验

为了评价阿特拉津的污染风险,采用原位试验法研究了土壤剖面中阿特拉津、Br-与水分耦合迁移特征.结果表明,施用阿特拉津24 h后,模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为40 mm的处理(Ⅰ)和80 mm的处理(Ⅱ)的土壤含水率随土层深度增加先减小后增加;而施用阿特拉津前模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为10mm,施用24 h后,模拟降雨1 h,降雨量为40 mm的处理(Ⅲ)和80 mm的处理(Ⅳ)的则呈"S"形变化.Br-与阿特拉津在0～10 cm土层的残留浓度最大,分别为1.40、1.09、0.62、0.52 mol/kg和0.82、0.74、0.54、0.29 靏/g.处理Ⅰ、Ⅱ的各土层中Br-与阿特拉津的变异较小.土壤溶液中阿特拉津的浓度随土层深度的增加而降低,表层(20 cm)土壤溶液中阿特拉津残留浓度为:处理Ⅰ＞处理Ⅲ＞处理Ⅱ＞处理Ⅳ.     

光氧化条件下两个水稻品种光合电子传递和光合酶活性的变化

在低ＣＯ２、低ＣＯ２、中等光强的光氧化条件下,测定了耐光氧化品种０２４２８和对光氧化敏感品种金刚３０的光合电子传递和碳代谢有关的酶活性变化。处理１天后,当耐光氧化品种ＰＳⅡ活性开始下降时,ＰＳⅠ活性有增加现象。随着叶内活性氧产生增加,两个品种的ＲｕＢＰｃ活性受到明显抑制,但耐光氧化品种的碳酸酐酶（ＣＡ）和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶活性出现诱导性增加。上述结果表明：在光氧化逆境下,光俣电子传递和碳同化的