The importance of host characteristics and canopy openness for pest management in urban forests

Urban forests are important for the health of cities. These forests face high anthropogenic pressure, including demands on their multi-functional role. Therefore, the impact of pests-induced disturbances may be greater for urban forests than forests outside of cities. Monitoring of pests in their native environment is an important tool for the management of urban forests. To better understand how pest population density is affected by the forest environment, we used the Oak bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus, as a model organism. The study was carried out in 2014–2015 in the urban forests of Pardubice City, Czech Republic. Pest population density was studied at three levels: branch, tree and patch. The increasing branch diameter was identified as an important variable with a threshold of 70 mm for entrance holes and 45 mm for emergence holes. Increasing host tree diameter at breast height with a threshold of 46.8 cm was statistically significant at the tree level in terms of the number of entrance holes. Increasing spring canopy openness was identified as an important variable at the patch level with a threshold of 50.78% and had a decreasing trend for the number of reared adults and their total body size. Big oak trees with thick branches under closed spring canopy are the most susceptible to attack by S. intricatus. Based on our findings, we propose that the maintenance of mature oaks under open canopies is important for urban forest management. Avoiding mixed plantings of oaks and conifers should promote these open canopies and lead to multiple advantages regarding oak silviculture.     

Molecular detection of insecticide resistant alleles

The summary discusses techniques used to investigate mechanisms of resistance in the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) to several classes of pesticides.     

救必应水提物与抗菌药联用对产ESBLs细菌的抑制效果

【目的】探讨救必应水提取物与抗菌药联合诱导细菌传代的体外抑菌活性,为救必应的综合开发利用提供参考依据。【方法】采用96孔反应板二倍微量稀释法体外检测救必应水提取物与抗菌药的最小抑菌浓度（MIC）,并以1/2 MIC的救必应水提取物与抗菌药联合诱导产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（Extended spectrum beta-lactamases,ESBLs）细菌传代,然后用微量棋盘稀释法测定救必应水提取物与抗菌药联合作用后的部分抑菌浓度指数（FICI）。【结果】救必应水提取物的MIC为1.0 g/mL,以0.5g/mL的救必应水提取物与阿莫西林、左氧氟沙星、克林沙星、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、加替沙星、头孢噻呋钠6种抗菌药联合诱导产ESBLs细菌传代后MIC显著降低,联用后的FICI分别为0.375、0.750、0.750、0.515、0.750和0.750。【结论】救必应水提取物可明显增强抗菌药对产ESBLs细菌的抗菌活性,且呈协同或相加作用。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘拟步甲的物种多样性

于2010年5-7月利用陷阱法抽样技术,调查研究了古尔班通古特沙漠南缘不同生境中拟步甲的活动密度和群落多样性。结果表明：① 在景观尺度上,拟步甲科的物种多样性整体比较低,活动密度、物种丰富度、多样性指数、优势度指数等群落特征值在不同景观间变化显著,拟步甲更倾向于分布在荒漠边缘;② 拟步甲科多数优势种对微生境的选择表现出明显的倾向性,同属物种对微生境的选择表现出类似的倾向性;③ 重大农业工程的干扰,使得物种丰富度和均匀度指数有所下降,但差异不显著。多样性指数的下降及优势度指数的升高达到显著水平(P<0.05);不同物种的活动密度均表现为下降(库氏东鳖甲和光滑胖漠甲除外)。表明拟步甲对荒漠生境有指示意义。     

长白山北坡水甲虫多样性与环境因子的关系

为了解水甲虫多样性与环境的关系,于2004—2006年每年6—10月在长白山北坡采集不同环境条件下水甲虫标本,共发现水甲虫8科38属70种。研究发现不同的环境,水甲虫的种类、数量、个体大小明显不同。通过多元回归分析发现:水甲虫Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与海拔（r=0.507）、底泥有机质含量（r=0.638）和全磷含量（r=0.668）成明显正相关,与水电导率（r=－0.470）、水深度（r=－0.461）和水pH值（r=－0.470）负相关显著;均匀度指数与底泥有机质含量（r=0.542）和全磷含量（r=0.489）正相关显著;物种数与海拔（r=0.590）、底泥有机质含量（r=0.593）和全磷含量（r=0.618）成正相关,与水深度（r=－0.636）、水电导率（r=－0.558）、水pH值（r=－0.535）成显著负相关。环境因子影响水甲虫的分布,但人类是最终决定因素,了解水甲虫多样性与环境的关系,有助于揭示生物-环境-人类三者之间的关系,为生态系统和生物多样性的修复和保护提供服务。      

Knotwood and bark extracts: strong antioxidants from waste materials

The antioxidant properties of hydrophilic extracts of knotwood of several industrially important tree species were evaluated by lipid-peroxidation inhibition and peroxyl-trapping capacity tests. The results were compared with the antioxidant properties of hydrophilic extracts of bark, and pure lignans and flavonoids isolated from knotwood extracts. The knot extracts from several tree species were stronger antioxidants than the bark extracts, which can, however, also be classified as strong antioxidants. In addition, the antioxidant properties of most of the knotwood extracts are stronger than the pure compounds. It is concluded that knotwood is a rich source of natural antioxidants.     

生物杀虫剂强敌-312防治烟叶仓储害虫的试验与示范

2002年调查表明,黔东南州烟叶调拨站烟叶仓储库区危害烟叶的主要害虫种类有烟草粉螟和烟草甲2种。选用几种杀虫剂对其进行防治效果比较试验,结果表明:强敌-312WP 50 g 80%敌敌畏EC 250 mL处理区防治效果最好,药后7 d,防治效果达93.56%~96.79%,平均为95.18%;药后15 d,防治效果达90.67%~92.82%,平均为91.75%;药后30 d,防治效果达88.20%~89.53%,平均为88.87%,均显著高于其它4个处理区的防治效果。强敌-312WP 50 g 80%敌敌畏EC 250 mL在大面积防治示范区对2种害虫的防治效果,在仓储烟叶区,空仓地面和包装麻片上的防治效果相近,药后7 d,防治效果在89.66%~93.75%,平均为91.29%;药后30 d,防治效果达92.5%~100%,平均为95.19%;药后90 d,防治效果仍保持在75.00%~86.67%,平均为81.03%。试验示范证明,强敌-312WP 50 g 80%敌敌畏EC 250 mL是防治危害仓储烟叶烟草粉螟和烟草甲的最有效药剂和浓度。该药剂符合高效、低毒、低残留,对人畜安全的现代农药要求,在储烟库区有较好的推广前景。     

小蠹虫肠道中纤维素降解菌的分离及其产酶性质

从小蠹虫幼虫肠道中筛选分离出降解纤维素的菌株5株,通过杜氏纤维素选择性培养基,以滤纸、脱脂棉和羧甲基纤维素钠为底物,测定菌株所产纤维素酶的活力。结果表明：酶活最强的为HS-11-5号菌株,最大酶活32.62U/mL;此菌株的最佳产酶条件为：培养发酵时间50h,培养所需最佳氮源为硫酸铵,培养最佳pH 7.5~8.5,培养最适温度28~30℃,最佳瓶装量为占培养瓶容积的12%~16％。     

Being exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr has detrimental effects on the mobility of Trogoderma granarium

BACKGROUND

Sublethal effects of insecticides may negatively affect several biological and behavioral traits of insects. The lethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr have been previously showed on Trogoderma granarium, but little knowledge is available about their sublethal effects at low concentrations on both sexes. Herein, the sublethal effects of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr on the mobility of T. granarium males and females were investigated.

RESULTS

Lethal concentration (LC) values of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr were lower for T. granarium females than males. LC values on males were LC₁₀ = 0.000788 and 0.00139 mg active ingredient (a.i.) cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00350 and 0.00535 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00986 and 0.0136 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. LC on females were LC₁₀ = 0.000704 and 0.00110 mg a.i. cm⁻², LC₃₀ = 0.00323 and 0.00428 mg a.i. cm⁻², and LC₅₀ = 0.00925 and 0.0110 mg a.i. cm⁻² for pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr respectively. The walking duration of beetles exposed to LC₃₀ of pirimiphos-methyl was significantly lower than the individuals exposed to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of both insecticides and control ones. Pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-exposed males remained more time on their back (101.7 s) than females (46.9 s), while the latter stayed immobile longer than males (381.7 s versus 371.9 s). The highest speed was recorded for control beetles (14.17 mm s⁻¹ females vs. 12.44 mm s⁻¹ males), while the lowest speed was observed in pirimiphos-methyl LC₃₀-treated males (8.36 mm s⁻¹) and females (9.66 mm s⁻¹).

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, males and females exposed to low concentrations of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorfenapyr showed reduced motility. This knowledge can be exploited further to unlock behavioral effects of insecticides for effective pest management programs in warehouses. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.     

树木剥皮再生研究综述

本文介绍了树木剥皮再生研究的概况,包括树皮再生的组织学、剥皮再生过程中树木的生理反应、再生皮和原生皮有效成分比较以及剥皮再生的技术措施等;并提出了皮类树木剥皮再生研究发展的方向。