Production and organoleptic assessment of akara from bambara groundnut (Voandzeia subterranea (L.) Thouars)

Bambara groundnut (BGN) seeds were pretreated by soaking, dry-milling or autoclaving and used to produce pastes which were then used to prepare akara. Proximate analysis and organoleptic tests were conducted. Method of pretreatment affected the proximate composition of the akara. The moisture, protein and fiber contents of akara prepared from BGN seeds, which were cracked and soaked or autoclaved, were significantly (p 0.05) different than those from soaked whole grains and flour. The cooked batch weights of the akara ranged from 258–272 g, akara from soaked whole and autoclaved seeds having the lowest and highest values, respectively. Akara from autoclaved BGN seeds was more highly preferred by panelists compared to akara from other pretreatments. Except for appearance and color, no significant differences were found between BGN akara and the cowpea akara used as reference. Heat treatment of BGN seeds prior to dehulling appeared to influence the level of acceptability of the akara.     

Excess Nickel Modulates Oxidative Stress Responsive Enzymes in Groundnut

Groundnut plants exposed to excess nickel (Ni) produced visual symptoms of toxicity that intensified with increasing level and duration of metal supply. Decreased concentrations of pigments along with a marked increase in the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase suggest strong induction of oxidative stress due to excess Ni. The decreased activity of catalase may suggest interference of excess nickel in iron metabolism of plants. The appearance of metal specific toxicity is a likely result of damage predominantly due to enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at higher (300–400 μM) nickel supply. The threshold of toxicity (10% growth reduction) and toxicity (33% growth reduction) values of Ni in groundnut were 26 and 72 μg g^?1 in leaves, 17 and 94 μg g^?1 in stem and 45 and 240 μg g^?1 in roots respectively.     

高产优质花生新品种“湘农小花生”的选育

“湘农小花生”是湖南农业大学花生研究所以湘花生1号为母本,湘潭小籽为父本进行有性杂交而选育的珍珠豆型小花生。其突出优点：一是保持了地方小籽品种的优异食味品质,增产显著,湖南省花生品种区域试验平均荚果产量3717．6kg／hm^2,比对照祁阳小籽增产12．5％;二是油酸与亚油酸比值（1．36）高于国家“十一五”科技支撑计划课题设定的出口型品种育种目标（1．30）,货架寿命长,商品性好;三是早熟,种子休眠性强,综合抗性好,耐酸、耐瘠性均强,高抗叶斑病,中抗锈病、焦斑病,白绢病、立枯病轻。2009年4月通过湖南省品种审定委员会审定登记。     

Effect of the new pyrazole carboxamide fungicide penthiopyrad on late leaf spot and stem rot of peanut

BACKGROUND: Management of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori.), late leaf spot [Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & MA Curtis) Deighton] and stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the southeastern USA is heavily dependent upon sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides. Effective new fungicides with different modes of action could improve overall disease control and extend the utility of the current fungicides. Penthiopryad is a pyrazole carboxamide fungicide being evaluated for use on peanut. Field experiments were conducted from 2004 to 2007 to determine the effect of a range of rates (0–0.36 kg AI ha^?1) of penthiopyrad on leaf spot and stem rot and the relative efficacy of penthiopyrad and current fungicide standards chlorothalonil, tebuconazole and azoxystrobin. RESULTS: Leaf spot control in plots treated with penthiopyrad at 0.20 kg AI ha^?1 or higher was similar to or better than that for the chlorothalonil standard. The incidence of stem rot for all penthiopyrad treatments was usually less than that for the tebuconazole or azoxystrobin standard treatments. Pod yields for all penthiopyrad treatments were similar to or higher than those for the respective standards. CONCLUSION: Penthiopyrad has excellent potential for management of late leaf spot and stem rot of peanut, and may complement current SBI and QoI fungicides. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Agronomic performance and genetic shifts of genotype mixtures in peanut

Summary Little information is available on the genetic shifts that may take place when seed mixtures of peanut are grown over time. Five peanut lines with distinct seed coat colors, but similar plant types, pod yields, and maturities, were grown in pure stands for four years. A mixture with equal numbers of seed from each of the five lines was grown each year. All mixtures were subsampled and grown in subsequent years without reconstitution. Yield, 100-seed weight, and total sound mature kernel proportions from the mixtures were higher than the pure stand average of the five lines, but yield and total sound mature kernel proportions were lower than the average adjusted for individual line production. The best component line was significantly better than the mixture for pod yield, 100-seed weight, and proportion of sound mature kernels. Intergenotypic competition shifted the mixture composition to increase the proportion of one of the high yielding lines after only two years, while other high yielding lines in the test either maintained or decreased their original proportion. The two lowest yielding lines in pure stand also decreased in proportion over time.Contribution of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. Journal Series No. R-00550.     

家蚕抗菌肽对花生青枯病菌的抑制作用初报

试验结果表明，家蚕抗菌肽对花生青枯病具有抑制作用。家蚕抗菌肽粗制品用量在２０～２５μｌ／孔时，抑制效果较明显。花生青枯病病菌的生长速率与家蚕抗菌肽浓度对数值间呈负相关。     

喷施黄腐酸对花生生长发育的影响

花生叶面喷施稀释１０００倍的黄腐酸（ＦＡ）溶液可以增加花生的单株有效花果和单株根瘤数，使叶片叶绿素含量提高，果针提早入土，加快果针膨大，提高花生饱果率，增加荚果产是。喷施试验结果表明，以苗期，始花期、下针期３次喷施黄腐酸效果最佳，其次为始花期和下针期２次喷施黄腐酸的处理，而只于苗期１次喷施黄腐酸的处理效果不明显。     

Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system withGliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa

A considerable amount of data is available about above-ground biomass production and turnover in tropical agroforestry systems, but quantitative information concerning root turnover is lacking. Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics were studied during one year in an alley cropping system withGliricidia sepium and a sole cropping system, on aPlinthic Lixisol in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of the Côte d'Ivoire. Field crops were maize and groundnut. Live root mass was higher in agroforestry than in sole cropping during most of the study period. This was partly due to increased crop and weed root development and partly to the presence of the hedgerow roots. Fine root production was higher in the alleys and lower under the hedgerows compared to the sole cropping plots. Considering the whole plot area, root production in agroforestry and sole cropping systems was approximatly similar with 1000–1100 kg ha^–1 (dry matter with 45% C) in 0–50 cm depth; about 55% of this root production occured in the top 10 cm. Potential sources of error of the calculation method are discussed on the basis of the compartment flow model. Above-ground biomass production was 11.1 Mg ha^–1 in sole cropping and 13.6 Mg ha^–1 in alley cropping, of which 4.3 Mg ha^–1 were hedgerow prunings. The input of hedgerow root biomass into the soil was limited by the low root mass ofGliricidia as compared to other tree species, and by the decrease of live root mass of hedgerows and associated perennial weeds during the cropping season, presumably as a result of frequent shoot pruning.     

酵素菌对花生的增产作用研究

试验结果表明，花生施用酵素菌，能使主根增长，须根密度明显增加，根瘤菌数增多，叶面积系数和叶绿素含量均有提高，主要病害的发病株率大大降低。荚果产量比对照增23.60%，并能促进土壤速效养分的释放，增强土壤供肥能力。