农牧交错区不同牧草时期放牧奶牛采食量与食性的研究

用饱和烷烃法对不同牧草时期放牧奶牛的采食量进行了测定.结果表明:放牧奶牛在牧草幼嫩期、旺盛期、枯黄期3期的采食量结果分别为:绝对采食量(kg/d)为11.54±0.66、13.83±0.55、5.75±0.32,采食量在牧草旺盛期时达到最高.采食组成幼嫩期以苔草为主、旺盛期以隐子草为主、枯黄期以赖草为主,这与草场植物的生长和奶牛的喜好有关.     

黄河源区藏嵩草沼泽化草甸地上生物量及营养季节动态研究

采用野外调查和室内分析方法,对黄河源区广泛分布的藏嵩草Kobresia tibetica沼泽化草甸在禁牧封育和自由放牧利用状态下的草地地上生物量和营养的季节动态进行分析。结果表明：禁牧封育草甸和放牧草甸从8月-翌年4月地上生物量均呈下降趋势,其自然损失率分别为46.2%和49.6%。封育草甸的生产力1-4月、4-5月的自然损失率分别为5.1%和5.9%;草甸进入放牧利用后,放牧草甸牧草相对于封育草甸牧草的实际利用量约占4月草地地上现存量的48.4%,约占8月草地地上生物量的24.4%。放牧草甸牧草营养成分从8月到翌年1月粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量降低,粗纤维含量增加。该草甸在夏季属“氮碳”（NC）营养型,在冬季属“碳”（C）营养型。     

常见动物乳与人乳的营养成分比较分析

乳中富含多种人体所必需的营养成分,对机体的生长发育及免疫功能具有重要作用。除牛乳外,水牛乳、马乳、骆驼乳、山羊乳、驴乳、牦牛乳等特色乳也逐渐进入人们的视野。同时人乳是婴儿最天然的理想食品,是婴儿早期主要的营养物质来源,含有丰富的营养物质及生物活性成分。为了更好的比较7种常见动物乳及人乳的差异性和优势性,本文总结了其在乳糖、乳脂、乳蛋白、矿物质、维生素等营养物质成分方面的差异,发现牦牛乳的蛋白质含量最高,氨基酸种类丰富;马乳的乳糖含量最高;而骆驼乳的乳脂肪含量则较高,水溶性维生素含量也最高;驴乳相比于其他几种常见乳,则具有低脂高糖等特点。     

小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用

本实验以中药提取物小檗碱为研究对象,探究其对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用。实验采用常量肉汤稀释法测定小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);随后分别选取2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC浓度小檗碱,采用结晶紫染色法测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜生长的抑制率,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR测定2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌Nuc基因的表达情况。结果显示,小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为62.5μg/mL,2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC浓度小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制率分别为77.14%、66.91%和55.55%,荧光定量PCR测得各组金葡菌Nuc基因的Ct值大小为Ct值(0.5 MIC)> Ct值(1.0 MIC)>Ct值(2 MIC),说明随着小檗碱浓度的增大,对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用增强,呈现明显的浓度依赖性。本研究为小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌感染的防治提供数据支持。     

退耕还林还草地鼠类调查及控制对策研究

2002-2003年对青海省大通县退耕还林还草地鼠类组成进行调查研究,捕获鼠类6种728只,以根田鼠Microtus oeconomus和高原鼢鼠Myospalax baileyi为绝对优势种.4种方法进行退耕还林还草地害鼠控制的结果表明:人工置夹和药物控制是地上害鼠控制的有效方法,人工地箭与灭鼠雷可有效控制地下高原鼢鼠的数量.但从长远来看,控制退耕还林还草地鼠害应采取生态治理的原则和方法.     

添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸对哺乳母猪及其仔猪生产性能的影响

本试验旨在探讨在哺乳母猪日粮中添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸对母猪及其仔猪生产性能、母猪采食量和乳成分的影响.试验选用健康、体况、预产期相近的第2胎法系JALAX母猪144头,分成3个处理组,即对照组、试验A组和试验B组,每个处理48头母猪.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验A组饲喂添加低水平支链氨基酸日粮(基础日粮 缬氨酸0.26% 异亮氨酸0.06%),试验B组饲喂添加高水平支链氨基酸日粮(基础日粮 缬氨酸0.36% 异亮氨酸0.14%).试验从母猪妊娠108 d进产房开始,到仔猪21日龄断奶时结束.试验结果表明:(1)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸提高了仔猪的断奶窝重、断奶窝增重、平均日增重和21日龄仔猪成活率,但以试验A组的效果较好,和对照组比,上述指标分别提高了23.10%(P<0.01)、30.45%(P<0.01)、19.26%(P<0.05)和7.16%(P<0.05);(2)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸提高了哺乳母猪哺乳11～15 d,16～21 d以及哺乳全期的采食量,试验A组比对照组分别提高了35.61%(P<0.01)、27.72%(P<0.01)和24.21%(P<0.01),试验B组虽然与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有提高的趋势;(3)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸极显著提高了泌乳第1天、第7天和第15天乳中乳脂、乳蛋白、总固形物、非乳脂固体的含量(P<0.01),极显著降低了乳糖的含量(P<0.01),但以试验A组的效果最好;(4)添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸极显著提高了初乳(泌乳第1天)的总必需氨基酸、总非必需氨基酸以及总氨基酸的含量(P<0.01),但对第7天和第15天乳中氨基酸含量影响不显著.因此,日粮中添加缬氨酸和异亮氨酸可以提高哺乳母猪的日采食量和改善母猪乳品质,从而提高哺乳仔猪的生长性能.     

2910年国内外蜂胶研宄概况（一）

对2010年国内外蜂胶的研究概况进行了综述,对公开发表的227篇中英文文献及11篇硕士学位论文的研究领域、地域分布、刊物分布等情况进行了统计分析和评价,并重点介绍了蜂胶化学成分、药理活性、提取工艺、加工工艺、质量控制以及在农业、畜牧业等方面的研究与应用新进展。     

Effects of the Ratio of n-6:n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Maternal Diet on Immunoglobulins, Fatty Acid Composition, and Performance of Lactating Sows and Suckling Piglets under Conditions of Low Maternal Energy Intake

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different ratios of n-6:n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in sow diets on the performance of lactating sows and their piglets at low digestible energy intakes.Twenty-one pregnant Landrace sows were assigned to one of three diets from day 108 of gestation until weaning (26 to 29 d),containing n-6∶n-3 PUFA ratios of 3∶1,8∶1 and 11∶1.The effects on sow and litter production traits and on sow body condition were examined.There were no differences among treatments in daily feed intakes or in changes in sow weight and back-fat levels during lactation.Litter size,litter weight at birth and weaning and litter average daily weight gain were also unaffected by treatment.As expected,large differences were observed in n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in the colostrum and plasma of sows and piglets (P ＜ 0.01 ).The ratio of n-6∶n-3 PUFA the diet was positively correlated with those in colostrum,sow plasma and piglet plasma ( R2 =0.55,0.80 and 0.80,respectively).Sow plasma insulin and IGF-I levels at weaning were unaffected by the treatments.Plasma leptin ( P ＜ 0.05) concentrations were increased in sows fed the diet with a n-6∶ n-3 ratio of 8∶1.Immunoglobulin concentrations in colostrum were not altered by dietary treatment.Plasma IgG concentrations at d 14 were highest in piglets from sows fed the 8∶1 ratio of n-6∶n-3.Furthermore,this group had the highest IgA concentrations at day 21 of lactation compared with the other two groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).In summary,our study demonstrated that at low digestible energy levels,altering the ratio of n-6∶n-3 PUFA in the diets for lactating sows affected immune components and the fatty acid composition of lactating sows and their piglets.Further studies are needed to examine whether higher levels of fat supplementation than those used in the present study ( 1.5％ ) can successfully enhance performance.     

Identification of leptin gene polymorphisms associated with carcass traits and fatty acid composition in Japanese Black cattle

Previous studies have indicated that some leptin gene polymorphisms were associated with economically important traits in cattle breeds. However, polymorphisms in the leptin gene have not been reported thus far in Japanese Black cattle. Here, we aimed to identify the leptin gene polymorphisms which are associated with carcass traits and fatty acid composition in Japanese Black cattle. We sequenced the full‐length coding sequence of leptin gene for eight Japanese Black cattle. Sequence comparison revealed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Three of these were predicted to cause amino acid substitutions: Y7F, R25C and A80V. Then, we genotyped these SNPs in two populations (JB1 with 560 animals and JB2 with 450 animals) and investigated the effects on the traits. Y7F in JB1 and A80V in JB2 were excluded from statistical analysis because the minor allele frequencies were low (< 0.1). Association analysis revealed that Y7F had a significant effect on the dressed carcass weight in JB2; R25C had a significant effect on C18:0 and C14:1 in JB1 and JB2, respectively; and A80V had a significant effect on C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, monounsaturated fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in JB1. The results suggested that these SNPs could be used as an effective marker for the improvement of Japanese Black cattle.     

蜂胶的挥发性成分及其生物学活性研究进展

蜂胶具有广泛的生物学活性和药理学活性,其中的挥发性成分是蜂胶发挥生物活性的重要组成部分。现对蜂胶挥发性成分的提取方法、化学组成、生物活性的研究作一综述,以期为今后的进一步研究和开发利用提供参考。