反丁烯二酸-6-L-抗坏血酸甲酯的合成及其性能研究

[目的]采用直接酯化法,合成反丁烯二酸-6-L-抗坏血酸甲酯（Vc酯）。[方法]对反应条件进行优化,合成产率可达53．45％,并对产物的抗氧化性能和抑菌效果进行了测定。[结果]反丁烯二酸-6-L-抗坏血酸甲酯具有优良的抗油脂氧化性能,抑菌活性优于苯甲酸钠和山梨酸钾。[结论]反丁烯二酸-6-L-抗坏血酸甲酯是一种具有广泛开发前景的食品添加剂。     

金银花开花过程中花瓣几种酶活性的变化

[目的]研究金银花开花过程中花瓣几种酶活性的变化。[方法]以金银花不同花期(米蕾期、三青期、二白期、大白期、银花期、金花期)的花朵为试验材料,研究金银花开花过程中可溶性蛋白质和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的变化。[结果]在金银花开花过程中,随着花瓣可溶性蛋白质含量的下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性也随之下降;从银花期到金花期,随花色的变化,丙二醛(MDA)含量逐渐增加。[结论]该研究可为金银花花色变化的生理机制研究提供科学依据。     

大蒜乙醇抽提物对烟蚜的拒食与毒杀作用

通过室内试验,测定了大蒜乙醇抽提物对烟蚜的拒食与毒杀作用,并采用种群干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)评价其对田间烟蚜的种群干扰作用.结果表明:大蒜乙醇抽提物对烟蚜具有显著的拒食与毒杀活性,其中,以90和70 g.L-1大蒜乙醇抽提物对烟蚜的拒食效果和持效性较好,拒食率分别为77.81%-85.55%和58.37%-70.70%;田间试验表明,大蒜乙醇抽提物对烟蚜种群有明显的干扰作用,70和90 g.L-1大蒜乙醇抽提物对烟蚜的拒食率分别为50.16%和65.47%,其对烟蚜的IIPC分别为0.498和0.345.     

不同土地利用方式对风沙土酶活性的影响

以辽宁省彰武县柳河流域忙海林子村为例,研究了不同土地利用方式对该区域风沙土6种酶活性的影响。结果表明:裸地由于几乎无植被覆盖,各类生物少,酶活性普遍处于最低水平,应采取措施改良;河滩地由于其特殊的地理位置,土壤易被河水冲刷,酶活性普遍处于较低水平,且由于耕种会影响泄洪,因此,河滩地不适合开垦为耕地;非河滩耕地酶活性基本处于中等水平,说明由于耕作、收割等,加剧了水土流失过程,降低了酶活性,可适度休耕;天然草地酶活性基本处于较高水平,说明天然草地可在一定程度上改善风沙土酶活性;林地酶活性普遍处于最高水平,说明种植杨树对改善风沙土酶活性效果最为明显。     

Litter- and ecosystem-driven decomposition under elevated CO2 and enhanced N deposition in a Sphagnum peatland

Peatlands represent massive global C pools and sinks. Carbon accumulation depends on the ratio between net primary production and decomposition, both of which can change under projected increases of atmospheric CO₂ and N deposition. The decomposition of litter is influenced by 1) the quality of the litter, and 2) the microenvironmental conditions in which the litter decomposes. This study aims at experimentally testing the effects of these two drivers in the context of global change. We studied the in situ litter decomposition from three common peatland species (Eriophorum vaginatum, Polytrichum strictum and Sphagnum fallax) collected after one year of litter production under pre-treatment conditions (elevated CO₂: 560 ppm or enhanced N: 3 g m⁻² y⁻¹ NH₄NO₃) and decomposed the following year under treatment conditions (same as pre-treatment). By considering the cross-effects between pre-treatments and treatments, we distinguished between the effects on mass loss of 1) the pre-treatment-induced litter quality and 2) the treatment conditions under which the litters were decomposing. The combination between CO₂ pre-treatment and CO₂ treatment reduced Polytrichum decomposition by −24% and this can be explained by litter quality-driven decomposition changes brought by the pre-treatment. CO₂ pre-treatment reduced Eriophorum litter quality, although this was not sufficient to predict decomposition. The N addition pre-treatment reduced the decomposition of Eriophorum, due to enhanced lignin and soluble phenols concentrations in the initial litter, and reduced litter-driven losses of starch and enhanced litter-driven losses of soluble phenols. While decomposition indices based on initial litter quality provide a broad explanation of quantitative and qualitative decomposition, they can only be taken as first approximations. Indeed, the microbial ATP activity, the litter N loss and resulting litter quality, were strongly altered irrespective of the compounds' initial concentration and by means of processes that occurred independently of the initial litter-qualitative changes. The experimental design was valuable to assess litter- and ecosystem-driven decomposition pathways simultaneously or independently. The ability to separate these two drivers makes it possible to attest the presence of litter-qualitative changes even without any litter biochemical determinations, and shows the screening potential of this approach for future experiments dealing with multiple plant species.     

模拟增温与施肥对高寒草甸土壤酶活性的影响

摘要：采用开顶式生长室模拟增温的方法,研究了气温升高和施肥对高寒草甸土壤酶活性的影响。研究表明,单独增温导致高寒草甸土壤纤维素酶和磷酸酶活性分别提高了12.4%、29.1%,而脲酶活性降低了18.0%,过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性无明显变化,说明增温促进高寒草甸土壤中碳磷循环。在不增温条件下,施肥抑制了土壤纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性,而施NPK则提高了脲酶和磷酸酶活性。增温条件下,施肥不会引起土壤纤维素酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的显著变化,而施可溶性碳肥使脲酶活性显著升高（P<0.05）,施NPK使磷酸酶活性显著降低。增温和施肥的交互作用对土壤纤维素酶、过氧化物酶、磷酸酶和脲酶活性有显著影响,而对多酚氧化酶无明显影响。因此,预测在未来气候变暖背景下,高寒草甸土壤中的多种酶活性对施肥的响应可能不显著。     

地衣芽孢杆菌发酵条件优化和抑菌活性测定

【目的】探究不同培养及发酵条件对地衣芽孢杆菌19148抑菌作用的影响及地衣芽孢杆菌19148的耐药性。【方法】设计单因素试验,分别在不同温度、酸碱度、金属离子、摇床转速、发酵时间和接种量的条件下培养地衣芽孢杆菌19148菌液,将培养后的菌液离心、过滤制成无菌滤液,并通过牛津杯抑菌试验探究无菌滤液对大肠杆菌K88、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌1882的抑制能力。通过药敏纸片法探究地衣芽孢杆菌19148对27种抗菌药的耐药性。【结果】地衣芽孢杆菌19148在4和75 ℃下生长受到抑制,25、37和45 ℃能正常生长,其中在37 ℃抑菌活性最好。在pH 5.0~9.0的条件下能正常生长,在pH为6.0条件下抑菌活性最好,对铜离子不耐受,但对镁离子表现出了良好的耐受性,且不同浓度镁离子处理组间抑菌活性无显著差异（P＞0.05）。体外发酵试验中,地衣芽孢杆菌19148在3%种子液接种量、150 r/min发酵28 h时,体外发酵的抑菌活性最好。耐药性评价试验结果显示,地衣芽孢杆菌19148对青霉素、四环素、头孢他啶、呋喃唑酮和多黏菌素B 5种抗菌药中介,对头孢哌酮和红霉素等其他22种抗菌药敏感。【结论】地衣芽孢杆菌19148具有较好的稳定性,能应用于工业发酵饲料生产,对抗菌药不具有耐药性。     

Carob pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) improve growth performance,antioxidant status and caecal characteristics in growing rabbits

The objective of this study was to evaluate carob pods and their effect on growth performance, antioxidant activities, carcass and caecal characteristics and equilibrium modification of the caecal microbiota population of growing NZW rabbits. Eighty weaned rabbits (initial body weight: 625.00 ± 26.46 g) were randomly allocated into four dietary groups of 20 rabbits each until 90 days of age. Dietary groups were as follows: C (basal diet with no supplementation), CP1 (basal diet + 2.5% carob pods), CP2 (basal diet + 5% carob pods) and CP3 (basal diet + 10% carob pods). Rabbits given the CP2 diet had significantly higher daily and final body weights compared with the other experimental groups. The increase in inclusion rate of carob pods significantly decreased feed intake, whereas carob pods at 5% in the CP2 group recorded the best value of feed conversion ratio. Rabbits in the CP3 group showed the worst slaughter weight and carcass dressing percentage weight. No significant effect was found on meat protein and ash contents. Cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein, high‐density lipoprotein and triglycerides decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in rabbits treated with carob pods compared with the control. Because of high content of the antioxidant compounds in CP2 and CP3 groups, the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase increased, whereas the concentration of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance decreased significantly. Rabbits given the CP2 diet had a significantly higher volatile fatty acid concentration and a lower pH in content of the caecum compared to the other groups. The data of microbial analysis for C group showed a significant increase in Escherichia coli and Clostridium counts. Lactobacillus and Bacillus counts increased significantly more in the CP2 and CP3 groups than in the other groups. In conclusion, 5% of carob pods in the diet stimulated the performance of growing rabbits, and thus, it has potential as an unconventional feed resource for rabbits without any adverse effects.     

Preliminary Study on the Activity of Phycobiliproteins against Botrytis cinerea

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are proteins of cyanobacteria and some algae such as rhodophytes. They have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity at the human level, but there is a lack of knowledge on their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. We studied the activity of PBPs extracted from Arthrospira platensis and Hydropuntia cornea against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important worldwide plant-pathogenic fungi. PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman in order to investigate their structures. Their spectra differed in the relative composition in the amide bands, which were particularly strong in A. platensis. PBP activity was tested on tomato fruits against gray mold disease, fungal growth, and spore germination at different concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/mL). Both PBPs reduced fruit gray mold disease. A linear dose–response relationship was observed for both PBPs against disease incidence and H. cornea against disease severity. Pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination were reduced significantly by both PBPs. In conclusion, PBPs have the potential for being also considered as natural compounds for the control of fungal plant pathogens in sustainable agriculture.     

FACE对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性影响的研究

2005、2006年利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO2浓度增高（FACE）研究平台,设计施N量为125kg·hm^-2（LN）、250kg·hm^-2（NN）处理,研究大气CO2浓度比对照高200umol·mol^-1的FACE处理对三系杂交籼稻汕优63根系活性的影响。结果表明：（1）FACE处理使汕优63不同生育时期单位干质量根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、α-萘胺氧化量等根系活性指标均极显著小于对照。由于FACE处理促进汕优63根系发生量的大幅度增加,因此分蘖期、拔节期其单穴根系活性与对照多无明显差异,到抽穗期FACE处理单穴根系活性显著大于对照;（2）拔节期、抽穗期汕优63每穴的不定根数、不定根总长度、根系体积、根干质量与单位干质量根系活性的关系密切,根量越大单位于质量根系活性越低;（3）不同生育时期汕优63植株含氮率与单位干质量的根系活性多呈正相关,植株碳氮比与单位干质量的根系活性多呈负相关;（4）FACE处理汕优63根系生长量大、植株含氮率低、碳氮比高等可能是造成其单位干质量根系活性低于对照的重要原因。