Earthworms increase the ratio of bacteria to fungi in northern hardwood forest soils, primarily by eliminating the organic horizon

The exotic earthworm invasion in hardwood forests of the northern United States is associated with many ecosystem-level changes. However, less is known about the effects of the invasion on the composition of the soil microbial community through which ecosystem-level changes are mediated. Further, earthworm effects on soil microbial community composition have not been well studied in the field. To evaluate changes in bacterial and fungal abundance associated with the earthworm invasion we quantified bacterial and fungal biomass by microscopic counts in paired earthworm-invaded (earthworm) and earthworm-free (reference) plots in five forest stands in central New York (USA). Earthworms significantly increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi on an area basis (per m²), by more than two times in mid-summer and early autumn. While this effect was associated primarily with the lack of the fungal-dominated organic horizon in earthworm plots, a higher ratio of bacteria to fungi in the surface 5 cm mineral soil also contributed as it developed between spring and mid-summer. Earthworm reduction of fungal biomass was confirmed by substantially lower growth of fungal hyphae into mesh sand bags in earthworm compared to reference plots. Burrowing activity by the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi over the short-term within earthworm plots, introducing small-scale spatial heterogeneity associated with burrows. Our study suggests that the exotic earthworm invasion in these northern hardwood forests markedly increased the ratio of bacteria to fungi by eliminating the fungal-rich organic horizon, and was associated localized increases in bacterial vs. fungal abundance in mineral soil, setting the stage for future research into linkages between the earthworm invasion, bacterial and fungal abundance, and ecosystem processes.     

牛呼吸疾病综合征及其防治

牛呼吸疾病综合征是严重危害国内外肉牛养殖业的一种重要传染病,该病的致病因素复杂,包括支原体、病毒和细菌等特异性病原以及运输应激等多种因素。美国等发达国家对该病的攻关研究开始于上世纪80年代初,其研究和临床防控均已达到较高水平,但仍认为该病将是未来10～20年养牛业所面临的主要疾病。我国对该病的认识和研究尚处于起步阶段,借鉴世界上发达国家的先进经验将有助于提升我国对该病的防控水平。     

山羊过食玉米后瘤胃乳酸与几种乳酸产生菌和利用菌的关系

为探讨瘤胃酸中毒中瘤胃乳酸与瘤胃菌群的关系,对8只实验性过食玉米山羊瘤胃中乳酸、牛链球菌、乳酸杆茵、韦荣氏球菌以及消化链球菌进行了检测,结果表明:乳酸与牛链球菌、乳酸杆菌呈正相关,与韦荣氏球菌、消化链球菌呈负相关,且与此四种茵有一定的回归关系。     

一株高产几丁质酶细菌对植物病原真菌的抑制作用研究

用平板稀释分离法和透明圈法筛选到一株高产几丁质酶的革兰氏阳性菌NKZ-E,其单位透明圈的大小为2.11。液体培养测定结果表明,该菌株的无菌培养滤液稀释50倍时,对玉米弯孢叶斑病菌具有较好的抑菌活性,其抑制率达69.86%;抑菌谱的测定结果也表明菌株NKZ-E对5种供试真菌也具有较好的抑菌活性,菌丝生长抑制率均高于50%。光镜观察发现,处理后的玉米弯孢叶斑病菌菌丝表现不同程度的畸形,细胞彭大呈球形,说明该细菌菌株产生的胞外几丁质酶可能与病菌菌丝生长受抑制密切相关。     

响应曲面法在枯草芽孢杆菌优化培养中的应用

基于Plackett-Burman设计及结果,采用响应曲面法研究了影响枯草芽孢杆菌生长的关键因素和最佳水平.结果表明,当牛肉膏为7.3 g/L,蛋白胨为7.1 g/L,温度33.5 ℃,pH值6.1时,菌体生长量最大.进而分析2因素间交互作用的等高线图表明:牛肉膏5.7～8.0g/L,蛋白胨5.2～8.0 g/L,温度33～34 ℃,pH值5.4～6.8时,可得到较高的菌体量.     

不同腐烂程度毛竹蔸微生物变化研究

研究不同腐烂程度毛竹蔸中的微生物菌群,结果发现细菌对数值最低为5.477,最高为7.380;真菌对数值最低为5.301,最高为6.903;放线菌对数值最低为5.740,最高为7.000;纤维素降解菌对数值最低为4.301,最高为6.477;木质素降解菌最低为4.415,最高为6.799。毛竹蔸腐烂过程中,前期各菌增长较快;中期细菌、真菌、放线菌对数值不断变化;后期菌对数值都较高;各菌之间存在着一定的协助和竞争。了解竹林砍伐前期的竹蔸腐烂规律,可为砍伐后的竹蔸降解提供参考,同时为竹蔸微生物在种级单位上的分离提供依据。     

水稻根际高效解磷菌菌株的筛选

以选择性培养基从水稻根际分离出81株解磷细菌,再利用FITC标记的稻胚凝集素从中筛选出21株能够和稻胚凝集素发生特异性作用的解磷菌株。将这些菌株在培养液中振荡培养7d,分别取10ml培养液进行消煮,测定其含磷量;选择解磷能力强的7个菌株在平板上进行水稻栽培试验,结果表明有2株解磷菌株对水稻生长有明显的促生效果,鲜重增产幅度超过45%,可作为研制微生物肥料的出发菌株。     

Microbial community indigenous to the earthworm Eisenia foetida

 Microbial populations of the earthworm Eisenia foetida, their casts and farmyard manure (FYM) in which E. foetida had lived were enumerated with the dilution plate method using several media. The microbial community of earthworms appeared to be similar to that of the FYM in which they had lived, while that of earthworms starved in distilled water for 24 h greatly differed from that of the FYM. The community of the starved earthworms consisted exclusively (more than 90%) of fast growers, which were defined as those that formed their colonies within 2 days, unlike that of the FYM (10–30%). About 30 isolates were randomly chosen and some physiological properties were examined. The community of starved earthworms consisted exclusively of Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, fermentative bacteria, whereas bacteria from the FYM were much more diverse and there were no fermentative bacteria in the FYM. The predominant bacteria species of the starved earthworms were identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and considered to be indigenous to the earthworm E. foetida. Received: 18 June 1999     

大连某奶牛场奶牛乳房炎病原菌分离及鉴定

本试验对大连某奶牛养殖场15头患临床型乳房炎病牛进行病原菌分离、鉴定。使用鉴别培养基对乳样中的大肠杆菌、葡萄球菌、链球菌及沙门氏菌进行分离,并对分离出的大肠杆菌进行血清学“O”抗原检测试验。结果显示,25个乳区的乳样共分离到病原菌37株,其中大肠杆菌15株、链球菌13株、葡萄球菌8株、沙门氏菌1株,乳房炎阳性率为5.2%,乳区阳性率为2.2%;大肠杆菌分离株以O51、O148、O78、O60血清型为主。     

不同处理牛羊粪便堆积发酵试验效果比较

利用发酵菌剂对不同处理的试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组、试验Ⅳ组、试验Ⅴ组和对照组进行堆积发酵试验,在发酵过程中比较了不同试验组的温度、水分、挥发性总固体、pH、细菌群落的变化,以及对牧草籽发芽率、虫卵杀除率和总养分的影响。