蛋氨酸羟基类似物和有机酸化剂对主要肠道病原菌体外抑菌效果的比较

本文旨在采用平板法和试管法测定蛋氨酸羟基类似物(HMTBA)体外抑菌效果,并与常见有机酸,如乳酸(LA)、甲酸(FA)以及二甲酸钾(KDF)进行比较.试验结果表明,HMTBA对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、肠炎沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌和空肠弯曲菌的抑菌效果与等摩尔甲酸、二甲酸钾相当,优于等摩尔乳酸.     

青霉素和乳酸对西瓜组织培养中细菌污染的抑制作用

以细菌污染的西瓜组培苗为试材,通过在培养基中添加不同浓度的青霉素或乳酸进行处理,研究青霉素和乳酸对西瓜组培苗中细菌污染的抑制作用。结果表明,青霉素50mg/L或乳酸90mg/L对初代细菌有较好的抑制作用。在此基础上进行青霉素或乳酸连续处理和交替处理。结果表明,青霉素或乳酸连续处理9代,对西瓜组培苗的伸长与生根有明显的抑制作用。采用交替处理,对西瓜组培苗的伸长与生根影响较小。     

Combining the phosphate solubilizing microorganisms with biochar types in order to improve safflower yield and soil enzyme activity

ABSTRACT

Soil amendment with biochar could increase soil microbial activity and biomass. This study contributes to an understanding of the synergistic effects of biochar and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms on safflower yield and soil microbial activity enhancement. In the split plot experiments that repeated in two years, the main factor was biochar types included cow manure, wheat straw, wood biochar and control. The sub factors were phosphate solubilizing microorganisms included the mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus etunicatum and G. mosseae), Bacillus lentus, Pseudomonas fluorescence and control. The highest levels of dehydrogenase, urease activity and microbial biomass carbon were obtained from the cow manure biochar. The maximum activity of acid phosphatase was in the plots inoculated by P. fluorescence in all treatments, whether using or not using biochar. The grain yield of plants inoculated with B. lentus and P. fluorescence was in the same statistical group. The highest grain yield equal to 1527 kg/ha was obtained when using cow manure biochar. According to the results, the application of cow manure biochar and phosphate solubilizing microorganisms, especially mycorrhiza species, can be recommended for improving soil biological traits and safflower yield traits.     

基于高通量测序的大豆连作土壤细菌群落多样性分析

研究应用基于Illumina公司的Miseq高通量测序平台,深度解析东北黑土大豆短期连作和长期连作土壤细菌群落结构多样性。通过对细菌16S rRNA序列V4区的高通量测序,短期(3年)和长期连作(20年)大豆田土壤分别得到180 980和221 424条有效序列,注释为1 254和1 432个细菌可操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU),且长期连作土壤细菌群落丰富度和多样性均高于短期连作土壤。在细菌门分类水平上,短期和长期连作土壤中细菌优势菌群构成为相同的8个细菌菌门(所占比例1%),依次包括变形菌门、酸杆菌门、疣微菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、芽单胞菌门和硝化螺菌门,其所占总比例之和分别达到细菌菌门总数的85.5%和86.3%。在细菌属分类水平上,短期和长期连作土壤中细菌TOP10优势菌群构成相同,包括疣微菌门的Spartobacteria属、酸杆菌门的Gp1、Gp4、Gp3和Gp6属、芽单胞菌门的Gemmatimonas属、硝化螺菌门的Nitrospira属、变形菌门的Sphingomonas属和Bradyrhizobium属以及厚壁菌门的Bacillus属,且10个细菌菌属所占比例之和分别达到细菌菌门总数的71.3%和69.0%。结果表明:东北黑土区大豆经过长期连作后土壤细菌优势菌菌群结构变化较小,但群落丰富度和多样性较短期连作略有增加,且对大豆养分吸收和生长有促进作用的根瘤菌Bradyrhizobium属和硝化细菌Nitrospira属所占比例增加。研究结果对解释大豆长期连作根病抑制性土壤形成机制具有一定价值。     

Potential and limitations of ozone for the removal of ammonia, nitrite, and yellow substances in marine recirculating aquaculture systems

The high levels of water-reuse in intensive recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) require an effective water treatment in order to maintain good water quality. In order to reveal the potential and limitations of ozonation for water quality improvement in marine RAS, we tested ozone's ability to remove nitrite, ammonia, yellow substances and total bacterial biomass in seawater, considering aspects such as efficiency, pH-dependency as well as the formation of toxic ozone-produced oxidants (OPO). Our results demonstrate that ozone can be efficiently utilized to simultaneously remove nitrite and yellow substances from process water in RAS without risking the formation of toxic OPO concentrations. Contemporaneously, an effective reduction of bacterial biomass was achieved by ozonation in combination with foam fractionation. In contrast, ammonia is not oxidized by ozone so long as nitrite and yellow substances are present in the water, as the dominant reaction of the ozone-based ammonia-oxidation in seawater requires the previous formation of OPO as intermediates. The oxidation of ammonia in seawater by ozone is basically a bromide-catalyzed reaction with nitrogen gas as end product, enabling an almost complete removal of ammonia-nitrogen from the aquaculture system. Results further show that pH has no effect on the ozone-based ammonia oxidation in seawater. Unlike in freshwater, an effective removal of ammonia even at pH-values as low as 6.5 has been shown to be feasible in seawater. However, as the predominant reaction pathway involves an initial accumulation of OPO to toxic amounts, we consider the ozone-based removal of ammonia in marine RAS as risky for animal health and economically unviable.     

Soil microbial communities under different soybean cropping systems: Characterization of microbial population dynamics, soil microbial activity, microbial biomass, and fatty acid profiles

This work analyzes the direct effect of soil management practices on soil microbial communities, which may affect soil productivity and sustainability. The experimental design consisted of two tillage treatments: reduced tillage (RT) and zero tillage (ZT), and three crop rotation treatments: continuous soybean (SS), corn–soybean (CS), and soybean–corn (SC). Soil samples were taken at soybean planting and harvest. The following quantifications were performed: soil microbial populations by soil dilution plate technique on selective and semi-selective culture media; microbial respiration and microbial biomass by chloroform fumigation-extraction; microbial activity by fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis; and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Soil chemical parameters were also quantified. Soil organic matter content was significantly lower in RT and SS sequence crops, whereas soil pH and total N were significantly higher in CS and SC sequence crops. Trichoderma and Gliocladium populations were lower under RTSS and ZTSS treatments. Except in a few cases, soil microbial respiration, biomass and activity were higher under zero tillage than under reduced tillage, both at planting and harvest sampling times. Multivariate analyses of FAMEs clearly separated both RT and ZT management practices at each sampling time; however, separation of sequence crops was less evident. In our experiments ZT treatment had highest proportion of 10Me 16:0, an actinomycetes biomarker, and 16:1ω9 and 18:1ω7, two fatty acids associated with organic matter content and substrate availability. In contrast, RT treatment had highest content of branched biomarkers (i15:0 and i16:0) and of cy19:0, fatty acids associated with cell stasis and/or stress. As cultural practices can influence soil microbial populations, it is important to analyze the effect that they produce on biological parameters, with the aim of conserving soil richness over time. Thus, in a soybean-based cropping system, appropriate crop management is necessary for a sustainable productivity without reducing soil quality.     

一个红壤剖面微生物群落的焦磷酸测序法研究

利用定量PCR和454焦磷酸测序法,研究了湖南湘阴县一典型红壤剖面微生物相关基因的多度及微生物(古菌、细菌、真菌)群落结构.结果显示,随剖面深度增加,土壤黏粒含量增多,有机质和全氮含量、碳氮比则下降.每克干土微生物基因拷贝数也趋于下降,其值为:10 7.09～ 109.30(古菌16S rDNA),108.10～109.70(细菌16S rDNA),106.54～107.95(真菌18S rDNA),10 7.24～108.61(古菌amoA基因),104.76～106.25(细菌amoA基因),105.94～ 107.88(nirK基因),106.81～109.21(nirS基因),107.03～ 109.46(nosZ基因).焦磷酸测序得到了6 459条古菌16S rRNA基因序列,平均长度为496 bp;28 626条细菌16S rRNA基因序列,平均长度为448 bp;4 683条真菌18S rRNA基因序列,平均长度为534 bp.OTU(97％相似度)分析表明,微生物群落d-多样性与所测土壤理化性质均无显著相关.Jaccard差异度分析表明同一剖面各土壤层次间微生物群落结构更为相似,而不同位点的三个表层土之间的差异较大;Mantel检验发现,与微生物群落变化相关的主要土壤因子是黏粒含量.在所有土样中,古菌以泉古菌门中的热变形菌纲(89％)为主,其分布与土壤黏粒含量相关.细菌的主要类群为酸杆菌门(33％)、变形菌门(17％)、绿弯菌门(12％)、厚壁菌门(10％)和放线菌门(7％),分类地位不明确的细菌约占11％.其中,酸杆菌门和变形菌门的相对多度在表层土中高于非表层土;而绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门的相对多度则在非表层土中更高,与土壤深度呈显著正相关.所有真菌序列分属于三个门,即子囊菌门(87％)、担子菌门(9％)和球囊菌门(4％),在纲一级的分类水平上,各样品间群落结构无明显差异.     

转BADH基因大豆对盐碱土壤氮素转化的影响

以转甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase)基因(BADH)大豆、非转基因亲本‘黑农35’、野生大豆、当地栽培种‘抗线王’、耐盐碱性较差品种‘合丰50’等5种大豆品种为材料,在典型盐碱土封闭种植,于大豆苗期、花荚期、鼓粒期和成熟期取根际土,采用经典方法测定氮素转化过程相关的细菌数量、生化功能及速效氮含量等指标的动态变化,为揭示转BADH基因大豆对土壤氮素转化的影响机制提供理论支持。结果表明:与非转基因亲本相比,转BADH基因大豆对苗期和花荚期根际土壤固氮菌数量有促进作用,但抑制苗期和花荚期根际土壤氨化细菌数量,对硝化细菌数量无显著性影响;显著促进成熟期大豆根际土壤固氮作用强度,对大豆苗期、花荚期和鼓粒期根际土壤氨化作用强度有显著抑制作用,显著促进各生育时期硝化作用强度;转BADH基因大豆苗期和花荚期根际土壤铵态氮含量显著降低,对鼓粒期根际土壤铵态氮含量无显著性影响,成熟期根际土壤铵态氮含量显著增高,大豆苗期、鼓粒期和成熟期根际土壤硝态氮含量显著升高,花荚期根际硝态氮含量显著降低。研究结果说明,转BADH基因大豆通过调节苗期、花期根际土壤氮素转化功能菌数量和生化过程强度进而影响氮素转化。     

The measurement of soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow grasslands

 There is much interest in the development of agricultural land management strategies aimed at enhancing reliance on ecosystem self-regulation rather than on artificial inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. This study tested the usefulness of measures of soil microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as indicators of effective conversion from an intensive grassland system, reliant mainly on fertilisers for crop nutrition, to a low-input system reliant mainly on self-regulation through soil biological pathways of nutrient turnover. Analysis of soils from a wide range of meadow grassland sites in northern England, along a gradient of long-term management intensity, showed that fungal:bacterial biomass ratios (measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis; PLFA) were consistently and significantly higher in the unfertilised than the fertilised grasslands. There was also some evidence that microbial biomass, measured by chloroform fumigation and total PLFA, was higher in the unfertilised than in the fertilised grasslands. It was also found that levels of inorganic nitrogen (N), in particular nitrate-N, were significantly higher in the fertilised than in the unfertilised grasslands. However, microbial activity, measured as basal respiration, did not differ between the sites. A field manipulation trial was conducted to determine whether the reinstatement of traditional management on an improved mesotrophic grassland, for 6 years, resulted in similar changes in the soil microbial community. It was found that neither the cessation of fertiliser applications nor changes in cutting and grazing management significantly affected soil microbial biomass or the fungal:bacterial biomass ratio. It is suggested that the lack of effects on the soil microbial community may be related to high residual fertility caused by retention of fertiliser N in the soil. On the basis of these results it is recommended that following the reinstatement of low-input management, the measurement of a significant increase in the soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratio, and perhaps total microbial biomass, may be an indicator of successful conversion to a grassland system reliant of self-regulation. Received: 4 May 1998     

小菜蛾生物防治研究进展

综述了小菜蛾生物防治的最新研究进展并展望了其发展前景。目前应用于小菜蛾防治的生物杀虫剂主要有:细菌、真菌、病毒和线虫。细菌性杀虫剂是目前最有潜力取代化学杀虫剂的微生物杀虫剂,应用最多的是苏云金杆菌制剂。真菌是最重要的昆虫病原微生物,其中以白僵菌研究的最多。病毒杀虫剂主要以核型多角体病毒(NPV)效果较好。昆虫病原线虫是新型的杀虫剂,以小卷蛾线虫和异小杆线虫防治效果较好。