冬春枯草期牦牛口服营养菌剂效果观察

用上５株活菌组成的营养菌剂口服牦牛后观察其增重效果。试验结果：冬春枯草季节，每隔半月口服菌剂１次，试验组平均增重－０．６２ｋｇ，对照组平均增重－５．４９ｋｇ，试验组比对照组少减重４．８７ｋｖ，差异显著，表明应用菌剂可减少冬春枯草季节放牧牦牛的体重下降。     

覆盖对果园土壤细菌数量年变化的影响

本试验结果表明 ,在整个果树生长期内 ,覆盖可明显增加各土层中细菌的数量 ,0～ 2 0 土层中 ,年平均细菌数量 ,增加 82 1 2 % ;2 0～ 40 土层中增加 2 33 6 9% ,40～ 6 0 土层中增加 1 4 4 80 %。不同土层细菌数量年变化曲线 ,无论覆盖与对照 ,均呈单峰曲线变化 ,高峰出现在 8月     

海岸盐沼湿地细菌抗真菌活性研究

为了开发对植物病原真菌生长有抑制作用的药源微生物,本实验采用平板稀释法从江苏大丰盐沼湿地土壤中分离微生物,并通过菌丝块法检测这些微生物代谢产物对5种植物病原真菌生长的抑制活性,进而利用柱层析分析其活性成分;结果共分离得到235株细菌,其中好氧细菌92株,厌氧细菌143株;体外活性测试结果显示有65株至少对1种测试植物病原真菌的抑制率在30%以上,其中好氧菌39株,厌氧菌26株。从好氧和厌氧菌株中分别选取3株和1株具有不同抗菌类型的菌株进行大批发酵,用不同的方法对发酵液吸附,分离和纯化,获得抗真菌活性组分。可见,海岸盐沼湿地土壤中蕴涵着大量的细菌种群,约有28%的细菌菌株能够产生抗真菌活性物质,其中Y6、Y156和Y96的抗真菌活性物质极性较大,值得进一步开发。     

流式细胞术及其在微生物学中的应用

流式细胞术(Flowcytometry ,FCM )是利用流式细胞仪对细胞或其他微小生物颗粒的多种物理、生物学参数同时进行定量检测,并对特定细胞群体进行分选的分析测量技术。它不仅快速、灵敏和准确,而且还具有客观、直接和同时进行多参数检测的优点。目前,该技术已成为工农业生产和研究、医药卫生和环境保护等方面的一个重要手段。在对FCM的发展简史简要介绍的基础上,对FCM在微生物学中的应用进行了综述。     

Effects of silver nanoparticles on soil microorganisms and maize biomass are linked in the rhizosphere

Silver nanoparticles hold great promise as effective anti-microbial compounds in a myriad of applications but may also pose a threat to non-target bacteria and fungi in the environment. Because microorganisms are involved in extensive interactions with many other organisms, these partner species are also prone to indirect negative effects from silver nanoparticles.Here, we focus on the effects of nanosilver exposure in the rhizosphere. Specifically, we evaluate the effect of 100 mg kg⁻¹ silver nanoparticles on maize plants, as well as on the bacteria and fungi in the plant's rhizosphere and the surrounding bulk soil. Maize biomass measurements, microbial community fingerprints, an indicator of microbial enzymatic activity, and carbon use diversity profiles are used. Hereby, it is shown that 100 mg kg⁻¹ silver nanoparticles in soil increases maize biomass, and that this effect coincides with significant alterations of the bacterial communities in the rhizosphere. The bacterial community in nanosilver exposed rhizosphere shows less enzymatic activity and significantly altered carbon use and community composition profiles. Fungal communities are less affected by silver nanoparticles, as their composition is only slightly modified by nanosilver exposure. In addition, the microbial changes noted in the rhizosphere were significantly different from those noted in the bulk soil, indicated by different nanosilver-induced alterations of carbon use and community composition profiles in bulk and rhizosphere soil.Overall, microorganisms in the rhizosphere seem to play an important role when evaluating the fate and effects of silver nanoparticle exposure in soil, and not only is the nanosilver response different for bacteria and fungi, but also for bulk and rhizosphere soil. Consequently, assessment of microbial populations should be considered an essential parameter when investigating the impacts of nanoparticle exposure.     

轻型基质优良菌群的筛选

微生物种类和数量直接影响着轻型基质的腐解速度及腐解质量。本研究以不同堆腐阶段杉木、马尾松、巨桉Eg5、木荷、丝栗栲以及废渣轻型基质为研究对象，通过测定不同堆腐阶段杉木、马尾松、巨桉Eg5、木荷、丝栗栲以及废渣轻型基质的微生物种类及含量，从而筛选出有利于杉木、马尾松、巨桉Eg5、木荷、丝栗栲以及废渣轻型基质腐解的菌群。     

参与水体循环的微生物群落研究

首先,分析了微生物在水体物质转化与循环中的作用,主要介绍了细菌在碳、氮、磷、硫循环中的作用;然后,探讨了微生物在水污染治理中的应用,如净化水体,作为环境污染指示生物;最后,介绍了水体微生物群落的研究方法,包括传统方法、现代分子生物学方法以及其他新的方法,并对今后微生物的研究方向进行展望。     

肠衣携带细菌情况的分析及对策

通过对肠衣携带细菌的细菌总数、细菌多样性、致病菌情况和细菌对肠衣品质的影响等几个方面的分析,论述了肠衣携带细菌的安全隐患,全面分析所述隐患未引起重视的原因,并提出了相应的应对措施。     

The effect of microorganisms,salinity and turbidity on hydraulic conductivity of irrigation channel soil

The introduction of polysaccharide producing benthic algae and bacteria could provide a low cost technique for seepage control in irrigation channels. The ability of algae and bacteria to produce polysaccharides proved to be successful in reducing the hydraulic conductivity of irrigation channel soil. Hydraulic conductivity was reduced to less than 22% of its original value within a month of inoculating soil columns with algae. Chlorophyll and polysaccharide concentrations in irrigation channel soil were measured in order to assess the growth of algae and extent of polysaccharide production, and their correlation with hydraulic conductivity of channel soil. Increases in polysaccharide occurred in the top layer (0–5 mm) of the soil column. The reduction of hydraulic conductivity was highly correlated with the amount of polysaccharides produced (r ² = 0.92). Hydraulic conductivity decreased with increasing algal and bacterial numbers. The first few millimetres of the soil core where microbial activity was concentrated, seemed effective in controlling seepage. Incorporation of extra nitrate and phosphate into algal medium did not increase the production of polysaccharides by algae in channel soil. The effect of salinity and turbidity of irrigation channel water on channel seepage was studied by measuring the effects on hydraulic conductivity of channel soils. When the electrical conductivity (EC) of the water increased above a threshold value, the hydraulic conductivity increased because of the flocculating effects on clay particles in channel soils. A relationship between sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and EC of the channel water was established which indicated 15% increase in channel seepage due to increases in salinity. Increasing the turbidity of irrigation water (by increasing the concentration of dispersed clay) resulted in lowering the hydraulic conductivity of the channel soil due to the sealing of soil pores by dispersed clay particles. When the turbidity of the water was 10 g clay l^–1, the hydraulic conductivity was reduced by 100%. An increase in clay concentration above 1 g l^–1 resulted in significant reduction in hydraulic conductivity. Soil bowl experiments indicated that clay sealing with a coating of hydrophobic polymer on the surface could also effectively prevent seepage of saline water.     

沼液化肥全氮配比对土壤微生物及酶活性的影响

通过田间试验,研究了N-P2O5-K2O(120-90-135 kg/hm2)施用量相同的条件下,沼液化肥不同全氮配比(沼液全氮分别占0%、15%、30%、45%和100%)对旱地红壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量、酶(脲酶、脱氢酶)活性和硝化强度的影响。结果表明,随沼液全氮比例的增加,土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌数量均呈倒"U"形增加,且较单施化肥处理(未施沼液)分别提高3.88%~40.78%、1.64%~31.15%、28.21%~79.49%。随着花生生育进程的推进,脲酶活性随沼液全氮比例增加而升高;脱氢酶活性先降低,开花期后升高。沼液全氮45%处理显著提高了花生结荚期和收获期土壤脲酶、脱氢酶活性和硝化强度。利用主成分分析对土壤微生物活性进行综合评价,依据主成分解释总变量和碎石图提取了2个主成分反映原变量的92.13%的信息。第1主成分主要综合了细菌、真菌、放线菌数量、微生物总量和硝化强度的信息;第2主成分主要综合了脲酶、脱氢酶活性的信息。主成分综合得分图直观地显示了等氮磷钾条件下沼液化肥全氮配比对旱地红壤微生物活性的综合影响。具体为BS30BS45BS100BS15NPKCK。因此,等氮磷钾条件下沼液全氮15%~100%处理有利于提高土壤微生物活性,特别是沼液全氮30%处理,同时其花生籽粒产量也达到了最大值(2 875 kg/hm2)。