Acetolactate synthase proline (197) mutations confer tribenuron-methyl resistance in Capsella bursa-pastoris populations from China

The increasing use of AHAS-inhibiting herbicides has resulted in evolved resistance in key dicot weeds infesting cereal cropping systems worldwide. Shepherd’s purse (Capsellabursa-pastoris) is a common dicot weed species in wheat in China with populations that have evolved resistance to the AHAS herbicide tribenuron-methyl. The seeds of eight resistant populations were collected from wheat fields and one susceptible population from road side in Hebei province of China. All eight populations showed high level resistance to tribenuron-methyl with resistance indices of over 100 fold based on whole plant dose response assays in the greenhouse. Comparison of the AHAS gene sequences of the susceptible and resistant populations with Arabidopsis revealed that proline at position 197 of the AHAS gene was substituted by threonine in population CAPBU-HB-2, serine in populations CAPBU-HB-3, CAPBU-HB-4, CAPBU-HB-5, and CAPBU-HB-6, leucine in population CAPBU-HB-7 and CAPBU-HB-8, histidine in population CAPBU-HB-9. The study confirmed tribenuron-methyl resistance in shepherd’s purse in Hebei province of China due to target site mutations at AHAS codon position 197.     

拟南芥中热胁迫相关microRNA的差异表达

对改良CTAB法、改良热酚法和Trizol法3种方法在提取拟南芥叶片的总RNA中的效果进行了比较,并利用半定量RT-PCR技术检测热胁迫相关microRNA(miRNA)的表达情况。结果表明:Trizol法提取能得到高质量的拟南芥叶片总RNA,效果优于改良CTAB法、改良热酚法;筛选的4个拟南芥miRNA的表达受到热胁迫的诱导,在38℃不同时间处理下各个miRNA的表达情况都有差异,随着处理时间的延长,其表达量均出现明显提高的情况。     

Possible peroxidase functions in the interaction between the parasitic plant, Orobanche aegyptiaca, and its host, Arabidopsis thaliana

The mechanism by which the flowering holoparasitic plant, Orobanche aegyptiaca , infects its host without evoking a defence mechanism is still poorly understood. In this work, we studied several mechanisms used by phytopathogenic fungi. We focussed on the possible role of peroxidases during O. aegyptiaca penetration into the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana . A convenient experimental system for studying the interaction under sterile conditions was developed. The formation of extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected at the interaction site before, during, and after the parasite penetrated into the host. These extracellular ROS probably originated from the parasite. However, no intracellular ROS could be detected at the site of the interaction. Peroxidase activity was observed mainly at the apex of the root of the parasite and in the adventitious roots of the tubercle. Benzhydroxamic acid, a peroxidase inhibitor, was used to probe the possible role of peroxidase in the infection process. Peroxidase activity was observed in the root apex and adventitious roots of O. aegyptiaca, but no evidence was found for its participation in the actual infection process. Peroxidase activity was also found in the later stages of the interaction between the host and the parasite. We propose that peroxidases could have a role in generating extracellular ROS for loosening the cell wall of the host in order to facilitate penetration. Alternatively, the ROS could act in facilitating the root elongation of the parasite.     

拟南芥花药早期发育的调节基因及其研究进展

介绍了与拟南芥花药早期发育相关基因的功能,它们之间的相互关系,以及它们在控制早期花药细胞分化上的作用模式。     

拟南芥的抗病信号传导途径

 拟南芥是研究植物与病原物相互作用的模式植物。植物感病和抗病取决于病原物无毒基因产物和寄主抗病基因产物的识别,以及随后的相关防卫反应的激活。在拟南芥的抗病过程中,水杨酸、茉莉酸、乙烯等信号分子都不同程度地参与着抗病过程中的不同环节,起着非常重要的作用。由于这些信号分子在对不同病原菌的抗性中的作用存在差异,因而将抗病信号传导分为依赖于水杨酸和依赖于茉莉酸/乙烯的途径。本文将着重讨论这些信号分子在植物系统获得抗性以及诱导系统抗性中的作用。     

Flufenacet herbicide treatment phenocopies the fiddlehead mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana

In order to study the mode of action of herbicides we conducted a pilot study analysing phenotype and gene expression of flufenacet- and benfuresate-treated Arabidopsis thaliana (L) Heynhoe plants. Treatments with either herbicide caused phenocopies of the known Arabidopsis mutant fiddlehead, displaying fused organs and the typical fiddlehead-like inflorescence. Herbicide treatments of other plant species, including monocots, also gave rise to analogous organ fusions, indicating the presence of the target in a broad range of plants. Furthermore, many other herbicides with a proposed similar mode of action, eg chloroacetanilides, produced comparable fusion phenotypes in plants. The fiddlehead gene encodes a putative very-long-chain fatty acid elongase (VLCFAE), which corroborates earlier biochemical results pointing to the inhibition of VLCFA synthesis as mode of action of flufenacet. Gene expression profiles of herbicide-treated plants using the first 8247 gene Arabidopsis gene array of Affymetrix provided additional clues in support of inhibition of VLCFA synthesis. We discuss fiddlehead-like elongases as plant specific targets for flufenacet and many other herbicides.     

Harpin-elicited hypersensitive cell death and pathogen resistance require the NDR1 and EDS1 genes

Plants sprayed with harpin, a bacterial protein that induces hypersensitive cell death (HCD), develop systemic acquired resistance (SAR) without macroscopic necrosis. HCD sometimes accompanies the development of resistance conferred by resistance (R) genes. In Arabidopsis, some R genes require one or both of the signalling components NDR1 and EDS1 for function. This study addresses whether HCD, NDR1 and EDS1 are required for induction of SAR by harpin. When Arabidopsis and tobacco leaves were sprayed with harpin, microscopic hypersensitive response (micro-HR) lesions developed. Systemic expression of PR genes and the development of resistance were accompanied by micro-HR, except in the ndr1-1 mutant, in which harpin induced micro-HR without the development of resistance or expression of the PR-1 gene. Cell death and resistance did not occur following treatment with harpin in plants that could not accumulate salicylic acid. Harpin also failed to induce resistance in Arabidopsis eds1-1 mutants. Therefore, harpin-induced resistance seems to develop concomitantly with cell death and resistance requires NDR1 and EDS1.     

拟南芥子叶与真叶差异基因的生物信息分析

为研究拟南芥子叶与真叶的发育过程,本研究以模式植物拟南芥为研究材料,通过二代测序、富集分析等生物信息学的方法探索子叶与真叶基因表达的不同。在拟南芥真叶相较于子叶的差异基因分析中,共得到了 673个差异基因,其中上调的基因有570个,下调的基因有103个。进一步富集分析表明,拟南芥的真叶与子叶相比,真叶在光合作用以及细胞结构方面有大量差异基因富集,子叶则在糖原代谢以及一些次级代谢通路有大量差异基因富集。本研究结果为研究子叶特有的代谢通路提供了一定的理论基础。     

植物凝集素MNB1基因启动子表达载体的构建及鉴定分析

近年来植物受逆境胁迫的影响日益严峻,而逆境胁迫是造成现代农作物减产的重要因素之一。MNB1基因是拟南芥中与甘露糖高度特异性结合的植物凝集素,具有多种生物学功能,对植物的生长发育及逆境胁迫的应答有着至关重要的调控作用。以拟南芥为试验材料,利用聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction, PCR）技术成功构建了ProMNB1:GUS植物表达载体,结合浸花法,成功将ProMNB1:GUS载体转化到拟南芥中,最终通过PCR鉴定分析获得ProMNB1:GUS阳性植株,为研究逆境胁迫下MNB1基因的功能及其转录水平的变化提供了重要的依据。