提高玉米花培绿苗诱导频率及染色体加倍效率的研究

采用微胚早期转移技术，将接种后2周的花药连同微胚一起转移到分化培养基，可提高分化成苗率10～12倍，且减轻了胚状体转移的麻烦。利用50kg/L的秋水仙碱溶液处理1～2mm的胚状体6～72小时，可在一定范围内提高可育株率，其中处理24小时效果最好，在不降低分化成苗率的前提下，可育株率由对照的32.3%提高到71.4%。将微胚早期转移与染色体早期加倍相结合，在微胚转移前一天向原培养基中滴加1ml 50mg/L的秋水仙碱溶液，在保持同样出胚率和分化率的基础上，可育株率由39.4%提高到58.3%，自交结实株率由17.9%提高到37.4%。     

利用植物细胞工程加速大麦育种进程

自1991年始,我所与上海市农科院合作开展植物细胞工程技术在大麦育种上应用研究,培育出矮杆、高产、抗病的大麦新品系“花94－30”,一般亩产400kg,高的亩产可达484．6kg,1996年全省对该品系开展大麦高产高效栽培技术研究。     

‘富士’花药培养选育出苹果新品种‘华富’

 ‘华富’品种是采用单倍体育种技术, 由‘富士’苹果花药培养选育出的高品质新品种。果实近圆形, 平均单果质量236.5 g; 果形指数0.86; 果皮底色淡黄, 盖色红色, 有条纹; 果肉黄色、硬脆中细, 果肉硬度9.2～9.96 kg/ cm² , 可溶性固形物平均16.9%; 可溶性糖平均13%; 风味酸甜适度, 有淡香, 品质上等或极上等; 果实成熟期10月20日左右。     

Ectopic expression of a maize pollen specific gene, zm401, results in aberrant anther development in tobacco

Our previous study shows that the maize zm401 cDNA is specifically expressed in maize pollens. This evidence suggests that zm401 likely functions in pollen growth and/or development. To confirm its possible involvement in pollen development, the full length cDNA of zm40l was ectopically expressed in tobacco plants under the control of a pollen specific promoter ZM13 (from maize). RT-PCR amplification demonstrated that the ZM13-driven zm401 gene was spatially expressed in tobacco pollens. It was found that all transgenic tobacco plants expressing zm401 showed various levels of sterility, ranging from abortive flower development to male sterility. Further analyses on anther development of transgenic plants indicated multiple abnormalities in the late stages of anther development. These abnormalities include lagged degradation of the tapetum and connective tissue, failed deposition of fibrous bands in endothecium cells, and aborted pollen grain development. These results strongly suggest that zm401 plays an essential role in anther development. However the exact functions of zm401 is still unclear, and further analysis of zm401 is required to determine the exact mechanism involved in anther development.     

寒地水稻花培新品种龙粳13号的选育研究

龙粳13号是黑龙江省农业科学院水稻研究所于1995年以龙花91-340为母本,空育139为父本进行有性杂交,1996年接种其F1代花药离体培养选育而成。该品种具有抗瘟性强、熟期早、米质优、丰产、适应性广等特点。     

硬粒小麦与普通小麦杂种F1的花药培养

对硬粒小麦(T.durum)×普通小麦(T.aestivum)F_1进行花药培养,成功地诱导出小麦种间杂种花粉植株,处于单核中晚期的小麦种间杂种花粉适合于诱导形成花粉愈伤组织,不同的培养基在出愈率和绿苗率上的差异是显著的.小麦种间杂种F_1基因型不同,其花培效果也不同,即使在同一种培养基上,不同基因型间的出愈率和绿苗率也不一致.植株生长环境、供体植株的生理状态对其花培效果有较大的影响.     

茄果类蔬菜花药和花粉培养研究进展

综述了茄果类蔬菜花药和花粉培养的历史、影响因素和培养技术，指出了存在的问题和今后的研究方向。     

红花小孢子培养与胚状体诱导研究

小孢子培养是创造单倍体和双单倍体的重要途径,对提高红花的育种效率具有重要意义。为了研究红花游离小孢子的高效培养体系,用20份红花材料研究花药及小孢子培养中影响愈伤组织生长和胚发生的关键因素。结果表明,小孢子发育时期、红花品种、基本培养基和激素浓度是影响红花诱导愈伤组织的关键因素。花药培养的愈伤及胚诱导率高于游离小孢子,且受基因型影响。单核靠边期管状花长度为 0.45～0.50 cm时,诱导成功率达到68.32%。供试的20份红花材料中,有11份诱导出了愈伤组织,有1份分化出了胚状愈伤,诱导成功率为15.79%。分化培养最适培养基组合为1/2 MS+B5+ 6-BA 1.0 mg/L + NAA 1.0 mg/L;小孢子悬浮培养最适培养基激素浓度以添加6-BA 4.0 mg/L 和NAA 0.5 mg/L效果最好,诱导愈伤率为22.5%。     

Effects of Physiological Status of Parent Plants and Culture Medium Composition on the Anther Culture of Sorghum

Abstract

Anthers at various maturation stages were collected from seven genotypes of Sorghum bicolor, and cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3 mg L^?1 2,4-D and 2.0 mg L^?1 kinetin. The rate of callus induction was high in young anthers, and decreased with maturation of the anther. Young anthers were collected from the plants grown in the greenhouse (greenhouse anthers), in the field (field anthers), and in the chambers kept at 20, 25 or 30 °C. Then they were cultured on MS medium containing 2.0 mg L^?1 kinetin, 1.0 mg L^?1 IAA and 2.5 mg L^?1 2,4-D, on which the rate of callus induction was the highest. The average callus-induction percentage was 6.4% in the field anthers, and 3.7% in the greenhouse anthers. Callus induction was low in the anthers collected from the plants grown at 30° C. Among the genotypes examined, TX403 produced calli at the highest frequency. The rate of plant regeneration from anther-calli was the highest on the medium containing 2.5 mg L^?1 kinetin and 3.0 mg L^?1 IAA. The regeneration rate of green plantlets on this medium was 27% on the average, and was 46.2 and 28.6% in PP290 and TX403, respectively. The chromosome number in root-tip cells was unstable, but was 20 in most of the regenerated plantlets.     

热分析法研究水稻花药发育过程及其动力学

植物花药发育是植物个体发育过程中的一个重要组成部分。在此过程中,花药物质和组成不断变化,呈现出显著的动态过程。关于花药发育过程中物质和组成变化的研究,人们已经做了很多工作。但未见用热分析法研究水稻花药发育过程及其动力学的报道。本文用热分析法研究了不同花粉育期野败型和红莲型两类水稻保持系可育花药的热分解过程,测定了花粉不同育期可育花药的热重/差热(TG/DTA)及其差示扫描量热(DSC)曲线,获得了相应的热力学参数,分析了它们在不同时期的热分解规律以及发育过程中花药物质变化与其不同育期的关系,建立了发育过程中水稻花药干物质增长的动力学模型,并计算了它们的表观动力学参数。