Liming and sulfur amendments improve growth and yields of maize in Rubona Ultisol and Nyamifumba Oxisol

Aluminum toxicity is a major limitation to crop production on highly weathered and leached soils in Rwanda. Moreover, sulfur though widely deficient in Rwanda acidic soils has received little attention by soil fertility researchers. A field experiment on maize response and soil nutrients status to liming materials of travertines at 3.4 t ha^?1, ash wood 1.2 t ha^?1 of CaO equivalent and sulfur at 10 kg ha^?1 combined with NPK at 80, 60, and 45 kg ha^?1 respectively was conducted in Rubona Ultisol and Nyamifumba Oxisol. Results revealed that travertine and wood ash increased the soil pH from 4.7 to 5.8 or higher and decreased exchangeable Al³⁺ and H⁺ to near 0 cmolc kg^?1. Soil nutrients generally increased to high or medium ranges for crop production. Leaf dry biomass, plant height and maize grain yields were significantly higher in Rubona Ultisol than in Nyamifumba Oxisol. Plots that received wood ash, with NPKS or with NPK, generally had higher maize yields, followed by those which received travertines and NPKS or NPK which had maize growth response as compared to the control plots which received NPK only. Thereby, a combination of wood ash with NPKS or NPK, travertines with NPKS was found to neutralize soil aluminum toxicity, increase soil nutrients status to required levels for plant growth and increase maize yields significantly.     

Effects of tractor wheeling on root morphology and yield of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soil compaction on the herbage yield and root growth of lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.). A field experiment was conducted on a silty loam Mollic Fluvisols soil in 2003–2006. Herbage yield and root morphology, in terms of root length density, mean root diameter, specific root length and distribution of dry matter (DM) in roots, were measured. Four compaction treatments were applied three times annually by tractor using the following number of passes: control without experimental traffic, two passes, four passes and six passes. The tractor traffic changed the physical properties of the soil by increasing bulk density and penetration resistance. Soil compaction also improved its water retention properties. These changes were associated with changes in root morphology and distribution of the DM in roots. Soil compaction resulted in higher proportions of the DM in roots, especially in the upper, 0–10 cm, soil horizon. Decreases in the root length density were observed in a root diameter range of 0·1–1·0 mm. It was also found that roots in a more compacted soil were significantly thicker. An effect of the root system of lucerne on soil compaction was observed. The root system of lucerne decreased the effects of soil compaction that had been recorded in the first and the second year of the experiment. An increase in the number of passes resulted in a decrease in the DM yield of herbage in the second and third harvests each year.     

早熟灵对脐橙产量和品质的效应

研究了早熟灵对５￣７ａ生脐橙产量和品质的效应,３ａ的结果表明,８月中旬喷施１次３００ｍｇ／Ｌ或２００ｍｇ／Ｌ的早熟灵,与对照组相比能明显提早果实着色,鲜果中维生素Ｃ含量提高２２．２８％和１５．８６％,可溶性固形物增加４．５５％,柠檬酸含量降低３０．００％,固酸比提高４８．６９％和５１．６％,产量提高２３．７％和２５．１％。     

影响洛川县苹果产投效益的关联因素分析

为了解在黄土高原乃至我国苹果产业中占重要地位的洛川县地区的苹果园成本投入现状、分析计算合理施肥范围及各成本的投入与效益的关系,为实现果园的节肥减药和提高苹果品质提供指导依据,基于问卷调查,利用数据标准化和灰色关联分析法,对施肥量与产量、成本与利润、产量与利润的关系进行分析。结果表明:1)苹果产量随氮肥、磷肥、钾肥投入的增加,先增加后降低;2)当成本投入增加到3万元/hm2时,产量和利润均达到峰值;3)肥料费用、农药费用、用工费、纸袋费与利润的关联度均达到80%以上,每一项成本投入对苹果效益都有密切联系,其中肥料和农药费用最高,关系最密切。洛川县苹果园氮、磷、钾肥施用过量和不足现象并存。因此,应在充分了解果园土壤养分状况的基础上,结合果树的需肥规律,对该区域的苹果树合理施用氮、磷、钾肥,提高肥料利用率,达到节肥增效的目的。     

厌氧发酵残留物对土壤酶动态特性的影响

通过温室盆栽生菜试验,研究厌氧发酵残留物对土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和中性磷酸酶动态特性以及作物产量的影响.试验以菜园土作为栽培基质,并以是否施用厌氧发酵残留物和种植作物进行设计,生菜种植期为50天,试验中间隔10天测定一次土壤酶活性.结果表明,施用厌氧发酵残留物能明显提高土壤酶的活性,且施用量越多,酶活性越高,生菜的产量也越高.栽种生菜的土壤酶活性高于相应的对照组,酶活性的变化基本和生菜的生长过程一致,在30～40天之间达到最高酶活性.土壤酶活性的提高表明,施用厌氧发酵残留物能改善土壤结构和性能,提高土壤的肥力和生产能力.     

旱作水稻水肥耦合模型及经济效应

为了探讨膜下滴灌旱作水稻水分、肥料与产量之间的关系,采用通用旋转组合设计试验方法,进行膜下滴灌旱作水稻水肥耦合模型试验,并对其应用前景进行了比较分析.在供试土壤膜下滴灌条件下,灌溉定额、氮、磷与水稻产量之间符合三元二次回归模型,其一次项、二次项及水氮交互项回归系数均达显著水平,三因素的增产作用从大到小依次为灌溉定额、施氮量、施磷量.采用此模型计算的预测产量与实际产量之间呈高度正相关,预测准确度达99%.由此计算得出最高产量灌溉定额及其施肥量、经济最佳灌溉定额及其施肥量.提出实现目标产量的水肥最优组合方案:若以9 300~9 600 kg/hm²为目标产量,则灌溉定额、氮、磷用量分别为9 730~10 500 m³/hm²,272~363 kg/hm²,136~147 kg/hm²;若同时考虑经济效益,则最佳的灌溉定额、氮、磷肥用量分别为8 500~9 015 m³/hm²,225~240 kg/hm²,90~120 kg/hm².对比不同种植模式表明,膜下滴灌旱作水稻的产量与播后上水直播基本持平,其成本与育秧移栽种植持平,但水分生产效率(1.06 kg/m³)远远高于其他3种种植方式.与传统育秧移栽种植相比较,膜下滴灌旱作水稻节水50%,节约肥料30%以上.     

6%抗坏血酸水剂对烟草的增产效果

分别从烟草生长发育、生长量和主要经济性状等方面研究6%抗坏血酸水剂对烟草的增产效果.结果表明,该药被烟叶吸收后,参与烟草生理生化全过程,促进烟草生长发育;烟草根系发达、植株变高、茎变粗、光合作用效率增强、叶绿素及抗坏血酸含量增加;上等烟率、橘黄烟率较对照提高20%～30%;改善烟叶的品质,平均增产20%,增收2250～3000元·hm-2.     

草坪型多年生黑麦草生殖特性及种子产量构成的研究

草坪型多年生黑麦草开花持续期为 33d ,一般情况下穗轴中部的小穗先开花 ,以后逐渐向顶部和基部发展 ;一个花序上的小花开花大部分集中在前 6d ,大约占 89 3% ;多年生黑麦草花后 2 6～ 2 7d ,小穗干重最大 ,其含水量为 41 1 5 % ,种子不易落粒 ,为种子适宜收获期。在种子生产方面 ,构成因子 (株穗数 ,小穗数 )与影响因子 (株高 ,叶重 )共同对草坪型多年生黑麦草的种子产量起作用     

Enhancing nutrient translocation,yields and water productivity of wheat under rice–wheat cropping system through zinc nutrition and residual effect of green manuring

Abstract

Efficient nutrient and water use are two important considerations to obtain good harvests of wheat. This necessitates the development of an effective nutrient management technique that not only increases yield, but simultaneously can save nutrient and water use. In this context, a field experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India to evaluate the residual effect of sesbania and rice bean (in-situ), subabul (ex-situ) green manuring and Zinc (Zn) fertilization, using chelated Zn-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Zn-EDTA) on nutrient use, yields and water productivity of wheat under rice–wheat cropping system. Among residual effects of green manure crops and Zn fertilization, sesbania and foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after sowing (DAS) recorded significantly higher nutrient content and uptake and yields than other green manure crops and Zn treatments. Residual effect of sesbania saved about 46.5?×?10³ and 30.5?×?10³ L irrigation water per tonne of wheat over subabul and rice bean, respectively. Foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS saved about 55.5?×?10³, 47?×?10³ and 13?×?10³ L irrigation water per tonne wheat over residual effect of 5?kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application, 2.5?kg Zn ha^?1 through chelated Zn-EDTA as soil application + 1 foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at flowering and foliar spray of 0.5% chelated Zn-EDTA at active tillering?+?flowering?+?grain filling, respectively. Correlation analysis showed positive correlation between Zn uptake and grain yield.     

UV-B辐射增强对棉花根系特征及产量品质的影响

[目的]研究在大田栽培和自然光照条件下,人工模拟紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320 nm)增加对棉花生物性状、根系生长、产量和品质之间的影响.[方法]在自然光照的基础上,通过人工增加对棉花UV-B辐射,设置4个处理,每个处理的辐射剂量分别为0(R0)、0.5(R1)、1(R2)和1.5 w/m~2(R3).研究UV-B辐射增强对棉花生物性状指标,如叶片表观伤害、株高、茎粗、叶面积等以及根系生长指标特征参数、产量和品质的影响.[结果]随着辐射时间的延长和辐射剂量的增强,棉花叶片可见伤害症状越来越严重,R1、R2和R3处理棉花的株高和茎粗与对照R0相比达到了显著差异(P<0.05),各个处理之间叶面积差异达到了显著水平,单株干质量达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);与对照相比根系形态发生了明显的变化,R1、R2和R3处理分别比对照的根长、根表面积、根平均直径、根密度和根体积都有所减小;各个处理的棉花产量和品质显著低于对照.[结论]UV-B辐射增强使棉花地上部分和根系之间存在密切的直接关系,UV-B辐射强度越大对棉花的影响就越大.