西北灌区薯/豆连续套作对系统产量及土壤肥力的影响

探求马铃薯/大豆连续套作下复合群体产量优势,为实现持续高产的生产目标提供理论和技术依据。2011-2014年,在西北沿黄灌区会宁县郭城镇,选用马铃薯品种克新4号和大豆品种冀豆17作为试验材料,设置马铃薯连作(PM)、大豆连作(SM)、薯-豆轮作(P-S)、薯/豆套作连作(IC)和薯/豆套作轮作(IR)5种种植方式开展大田定位试验,研究不同种植模式连续种植4年对系统产量及产量构成的影响,分析系统生产力及土壤肥力的变化特点,进而揭示薯/豆套作系统的生产价值。结果表明, 1)薯/豆套作具有明显的产量优势,4年间,IC和IR系统产量与连作相比,分别提高了28.54%~254.07%和39.39%~283.98%,与轮作相比,分别提高了57.51%和70.81%。2011和2012年,IC与IR系统产量间差异不显著,但IC和IR与PM、SM、P-S处理间系统产量差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),2013和2014年IR系统产量均最高,分别达到9912.79和9589.90 kg/hm²,较IC处理分别提高了15.38%和8.45%,且与其他处理间均差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。2)不同种植模式在年际间变化显著,对于PM,2012年(连作1年)与2011年(正茬)产量差异不显著,而2013年(连作2年)和2014年(连作3年)产量较2011年分别下降了22.07%和42.11%;SM和IC变化趋势与PM表现一致,连作2年后,降幅分别为31.15%~53.60%和13.91%~24.17%;对于P-S和IR而言,年际间系统产量无显著变化。3)不同种植模式对耕层土壤肥力性质指标的影响程度是:有效磷>碱解氮>全氮>全磷>速效钾>有机质>全钾>pH。较PM、SM和P-M,IC和IR连续套作4年,耕层土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾呈下降趋势,尤其是有效磷和速效钾,下降幅度分别达到26.24%~42.87%和18.48%~30.22%。马铃薯和大豆连作2年后产量显著下降,薯/豆连续套作4年(IC或IR),相对于连作或轮作具有明显的生产力优势,尤其是薯/豆套作轮作模式,基于养分吸收量的增加和养分利用效率的提高,连续4年系统产量相对稳定。     

不同施氮量对核桃林间作花生生长发育及产量的影响

在核桃林间作条件下,对不同氮肥施用量处理花生植株生长、干物质积累、产量构成及经济效益进行研究.2017年和2018年两年试验结果表明:施氮可促进花生生长和干物质积累,增加花生单株饱果数和百果质量,从而提高产量.在施氮量≤210kg/hm^2时,花生产量随氮肥施用量的增加而逐渐增加,氮肥施用量为300kg/hm2时,花生干物质向荚果分配被抑制,进而产量降低.氮肥施用量为210kg/hm^2时,两年间作花生的产量和利润均达最大值,分别为4938.56 kg/hm^2、4512.71 kg/hm^2和21648元/hm^2、19701元/hm^2.     

Growth rates,establishment, and effects on herbage yield of introduced earthworms in grassland on reclaimed cutover peat

Summary Lumbricus terrestris L. juveniles confined in nylon mesh bags grew at mean rates of 6–12 mg ind^–1 day^–1 in reclaimed peat grassland soil, while the growth rates of Aporrectodea caliginosa (Sav.) juveniles were 1.5–2.1 mg ind^–1 day^–1. Earthworm population densities exceeding 700 m² had become established within 1 year adjacent to sods transplanted from an old pasture, while microplots enclosed in nylon mesh cages had mean population densities of 318–408 earthworms m^–2 and biomass of 89–111 g m^–2 3–4 1/2 years after inoculation. Herbage yields were 25% greater in the 2nd year and 49% greater in the 3rd year in earthworm-inoculated microplots which received an annual application of cattle slurry compared with similarly fertilized, non-inoculated cages.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Climate-based estimates of forage yields in the prairie region of western Canada

Abstract. A forage model (FORYLD) was used to estimate average potential (constraint-free) yields ( B _y) and yields under rainfed conditions ( B _ya) of alfalfa and wheatgrasses for the prairie region of Western Canada. Yield estimates were determined using 30-year climatic means (monthly values) and assumed available water-holding capacities (AWC) of soils ranging from 50 to 280 mm as inputs to the model. Calculations were made for 252 areas or zones known as Agroecological Resource Areas (ARAs) for the region. Estimates of B _y for alfalfa ranged from over 17.5 t/ha, in areas where three cuts of alfalfa were feasible if the crop were fully irrigated, to less than 10 t/ha in some northern ARAs where restricted length of the growing season limited potential to only one cut. For wheatgrasses B _y ranged from 15 to 17.5 t/ha in most areas where two cuts are possible. Estimates of B _ya for alfalfa, based on the predominant AWC for soils in each ARA, ranged from less than 2 t/ha in the driest portion of the prairie region to more than 8 t/ha in the more humid areas. Yields of wheatgrasses were very similar to those of alfalfa in the driest zones but slightly more in some of the more humid regions. Effects of varying soil AWC on yield estimates are presented for the major soil groups of the prairies.     

Maize Yields as Affected by Short- and Long-Term Improved Fallows: A Comparative Analysis in the Asian Humid Tropics

Improved short‐ or long‐term fallows are considered suitable low external input technologies for maintaining productivity and sustainability of tropical smallholder upland cropping units, although comparisons on the benefits of this technology are not widely reported. A field study evaluated the impact of improved short (6 months) and long‐term fallow (18 months) using Crotalaria juncea and Tithonia diversifolia, in relation to a natural fallow of the same durations, on the productivity of maize (Zea mays), the most important upland cereal in tropical Asia, over a minor season. The use of improved fallows, especially Tithonia, increased maize yields over the Crotalaria or natural fallow. While the overall yields of maize after a long fallow were greater, the beneficial impact of the green manures was significantly higher in the short fallows. The causal factors for this trend, including biomass production of the improved fallows and possible impact on soils, along with the greater benefits of short‐term fallows for increasing maize yields in the tropics due to lower requirements of unproductive time are presented.     

不同耕作方式对冬播亚麻成苗及原茎产量的影响

通过成苗数、苗期根系生长、有效收获株数、收获时主要经济性状及原茎产量的考查结果分析，认为免耕、免镇压等耕作方式对亚麻成苗数和苗期根系生长有一定的影响。但由于亚麻自．身群体结构调控能力较强，各处理在收获时其有效收获株数、收获时主要经济性状及原茎产量差异不大。建议南方冬播亚麻生产区在土壤、气候条件适宜的情况下，可采用免耕、免镇压措施，降低种植亚麻的劳动强度和生产成本，促进农民种植亚麻的积极性．提高种植亚麻的经济效益．     

不同轮作方式对退化苜蓿草地水分影响及产量效益比较研究

在宁南旱区将10 a生退化苜蓿草地翻耕后,进行了为期3年(2003-2005年)的草粮轮作试验,轮作作物为春小麦、马铃薯和谷子,以保持生长的退化苜蓿为对照,形成了27种不同草粮轮作方式。研究不同轮作处理对土壤水分的恢复状况以及产量效益,并通过综合指标法比较出最佳的草粮轮作模式。试验结果表明,退化苜蓿翻耕后3 a轮作期间,0~200 cm土壤水分均有不同程度恢复,而且主要受当年轮作作物影响较大;马铃薯为草粮轮作首选作物;不同轮作方式的作物总产量、经济总产值、水分利用效率和降水生产效率,以及第3 a 0~200 cm土壤水分含量等指标间差异显著(P0.05),马铃薯-马铃薯-马铃薯(PPP)、马铃薯-马铃薯-春小麦(PPW)、马铃薯-春小麦-马铃薯(PWP)和马铃薯-谷子-春小麦(PMW)为较好的轮作方式,其中马铃薯-马铃薯-春小麦(PPW)为综合指标法比较下的最佳轮作模式,该模式的作物总产量、总产值、水分利用效率、降水生产效率和0~200 cm土壤含水量分别为5 214.50 kg/hm2、15 301.87元/hm2、9.38kg/(hm2.mm)6、.87 kg/(hm2.mm)和254.58 mm,土壤水分净恢复量50.69 mm,可作为当地适宜的草粮轮作模式加以推广。     

Effects of tractor wheeling on root morphology and yield of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of soil compaction on the herbage yield and root growth of lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.). A field experiment was conducted on a silty loam Mollic Fluvisols soil in 2003–2006. Herbage yield and root morphology, in terms of root length density, mean root diameter, specific root length and distribution of dry matter (DM) in roots, were measured. Four compaction treatments were applied three times annually by tractor using the following number of passes: control without experimental traffic, two passes, four passes and six passes. The tractor traffic changed the physical properties of the soil by increasing bulk density and penetration resistance. Soil compaction also improved its water retention properties. These changes were associated with changes in root morphology and distribution of the DM in roots. Soil compaction resulted in higher proportions of the DM in roots, especially in the upper, 0–10 cm, soil horizon. Decreases in the root length density were observed in a root diameter range of 0·1–1·0 mm. It was also found that roots in a more compacted soil were significantly thicker. An effect of the root system of lucerne on soil compaction was observed. The root system of lucerne decreased the effects of soil compaction that had been recorded in the first and the second year of the experiment. An increase in the number of passes resulted in a decrease in the DM yield of herbage in the second and third harvests each year.     

娄底市农业气候资源与油菜产量的特征研究

利用娄底市常规气象观测资料和娄底市油菜产量统计资料,对1981～2010年娄底市油菜不同生育期的气温、降水量和日照时数进行主分量分析定义出气候综合指标,再通过Morlet小波变换对气候综合指标和油菜产量进行多时间尺度特征分析。结果表明:娄底市油菜不同生育期气候综合指标均由前两个主分量贡献产生,并存在明显的多时间尺度特征;娄底市油菜全生育期气候综合指标和油菜产量各自所反映的多时间尺度特征具有相似性。     

晋北绿豆主要经济性状对籽粒产量的影响

试验以11个全国绿豆品种为材料,进行主要经济性状对籽粒产量的相关分析。结果表明,单株荚数增多和植株的增高有利于籽粒产量的增加,籽粒产量随着开花至结荚天数的增加而提高,随着一级分枝的增加籽粒产量降低,缩短结荚至成熟天数有利于籽粒产量的增加,籽粒产量与其它性状相关不密切。因此,选择高植株和增加结荚数量是提高籽粒产量的主要途径。通过增加开花至结荚天数,可间接提高籽粒产量,减少结荚至成熟天数和一级分枝数亦可间接提高籽粒产量。适宜晋北地区种植的绿豆品种为郑绿9号、洮9947-6、汾绿豆2号。