旱地红壤长期定位施肥养分下移特征及作物产量效应研究

为了给合理施肥与面源污染防治提供科学依据,以玉米为试材,试验设4个处理,研究了旱地红壤长期施肥养分在剖面中的下移特征和作物产量效应。结果表明长期施用N、P肥和有机肥显著增加0~20 cm碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾和有机质含量;N与P或有机肥配施明显减少20~60 cm碱解氮含量,60~80 cm碱解氮含量差异较小;P与有机肥配施减少20~40 cm速效磷含量;40~60 cm速效磷含量差异极小;40 cm以下速效钾差异不明显,有机质60~80 cm以下无差异。低产红壤经28年改良培肥,生产性能达到中上等肥力水平。长期施N和NP,玉米籽粒分别在第8、24年绝收,NMP处理比NP处理显著增产。     

茶园滴灌施肥的增产提质及土壤养分效应研究

以常规施肥作为对照,设计3个不同氮素用量(450、300、150 kg/hm2),研究了茶园滴灌施肥对茶叶产量、品质及土壤养分性状的影响。结果表明,滴灌施肥处理比对照增产3.4%～9.3%,施氮量与产量间呈明显正相关,以年施氮量300～450 kg/hm2产量较高,滴灌施肥对茶叶品质影响不显著。滴灌施肥处理成熟叶含氮量显著高于对照,且季节性差异明显,秋茶﹥夏茶﹥春茶,滴灌施肥可促进茶树对氮素的吸收利用。施肥方式对土壤pH值影响显著,滴灌施肥处理土壤pH值明显高于对照,可能因其氮素利用率较高而有助于减弱无机氮对土壤的酸化作用。     

广西引种菜用黄麻试验初报

通过对福建农林大学提供的15份菜用黄麻品系进行对比试验,从生长发育特性、鲜茎叶和种子产量以及鲜茎叶采收进程等方面进行研究．结果显示,14个参试品系鲜茎叶及种子的产量均高于对照品种MC2,鲜茎叶增产幅度在0．43％-26．07％,其中MC5（14013．25kg／hm2）比对照MC2增产26．07％,达极显著水平,MC7、MC10比对照增产12.37％、14．11％,品质优良,产量构成因素匹配较好,适合在广西推广种植;鲜茎叶采收重量呈现出低-高-高-低-高的趋势。     

安徽单季稻田绿肥优化配置与稻季氮肥减施效果研究

为了研究豆科和禾本科绿肥适宜的种植模式,提高绿肥的养分资源高效利用。在绿肥季设置了6个处理：（1）冬闲、（2）紫云英单播、（3）毛叶苕子单播、（4）黑麦草单播、（5）紫云英和黑麦草混播、（6）毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播;并在水稻季对5个绿肥处理进行减氮30%,冬闲处理设置常规施肥和减氮30%处理。结果表明,与单播相比,混播增加了鲜草产量,毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播处理鲜草产量最高（31 582 kg·hm^-2）,同时其氮素积累量显著高于紫云英和黑麦草处理;种植绿肥有利于提高土壤的养分含量,其中黑麦草有机质含量提升最大,较冬闲处理增幅11.25%,豆科和禾本科绿肥混播后,土壤全氮和速效钾的含量显著高于单播黑麦草处理;同时利用冬闲田种植利用绿肥有利于提高水稻产量,其中毛叶苕子、毛叶苕子+黑麦草、紫云英、紫云英+黑麦草处理的水稻产量与100%N处理无显著差异。综上,毛叶苕子和黑麦草混播种植不仅增加绿肥鲜草产量和养分积累量,且提高土壤肥力,同时在减施氮肥下仍获得稳产,是本试验区域内最优的混播种植模式。     

Effects of alternative tillage systems on soil quality and yield of spring cereals on silty clay loam and sandy loam soils in the cool, wet climate of central Norway

Tillage trials were established on a poorly drained silty loam overlying silty clay loam and on a freely drained sandy loam overlying medium sand, in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Autumn and spring ploughing and two ploughless systems were compared for 12–13 years, with three replications at each site. The ploughless treatments comprised deep versus shallow spring harrowing until 1999, and thereafter autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. In 6 years, treatments with and without fungal spraying of the cereal crops were included. In other years, fungicides were not used. Perennial weeds were controlled by herbicides as necessary, on nine occasions up until 2001. Average spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and spring oat (Avena sativa L.) yields were similar with spring ploughing as with autumn ploughing at both sites. In treatments without ploughing, average yields on the silty loam over clay were 93% of those obtained with ploughing, and on the sandy loam over sand they were 81%. Smaller and non-significant yield differences were found between spring harrowing versus deep spring harrowing, and between autumn plus spring harrowing versus spring harrowing only. Fungal spraying increased yields markedly at both sites (25%), but there was no significant interaction between this treatment and tillage system. Oat was compared with barley in 2 years, with oat performing better under ploughless tillage. At both sites increases in penetrometer resistance occurred in the topsoil of unploughed treatments. These were considered particularly limiting on the sandy loam. On the silty loam there was an increase in surface horizon porosity in the absence of ploughing, which was associated with an increase in topsoil organic matter content. On this soil there was also a tendency toward lower penetrometer resistance at >30 cm depth on autumn plus spring harrowed soil than on ploughed soil, indicating that the plough pan may have diminished. This was supported by observations of greater earthworm activity on unploughed soil. Soil chemical analyses revealed that mineral N and plant-available P and K accumulated in the upper horizon under ploughless tillage. The percentage yields obtained in individual years with autumn as opposed to spring ploughing, were positively correlated with air temperature during 0–4 weeks after planting on the silty loam, and with precipitation during 0–12 weeks after planting on the sandy loam. In the case of yields obtained with spring harrowing only, relative to spring ploughing, positive correlations were found with 0–4 week temperature on both soil types, suggesting that low early season temperatures may limit yields under ploughless tillage.     

An economic evaluation of alternative pix application strategies for cotton production using GOSSYM/COMAX

The plant growth regulator pix (mepiquat chloride) is used extensively throughout the USA cotton belt to control excessive plant growth and to enhance early crop maturity in cotton production. Economic returns from pix use can vary greatly across different production environments. This study evaluates the economic returns to dryland cotton obtained from 12 different pix application strategies under two different soil types (Bosket sandy loam and Dundee silty clay loam) and three different weather conditions (normal, cold-wet, and hot-dry) in the Mississippi delta using simulated output from the GOSSYM/COMAX cotton management system. The most profitable pix application strategies varied by soil type. Also, economic returns were larger when using different pix application strategies for different weather conditions as opposed to using one pix application strategy for all weather conditions.     

地下水埋深对玉米生长发育及水分利用的影响

为研究地下水埋深对作物的生长发育及水分利用的影响,选择具有代表性的夏玉米为研究对象,借助地中渗透仪,通过人工控制设置不同地下水埋深（分别设置0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0和1.2 m）,探讨地下水埋深对不同生育期夏玉米的形态指标、产量、耗水量及地下水补给量的影响,分析不同地下水埋深条件下水分利用率差异.结果表明：地下水埋深对玉米株高的影响不具有统计学意义,而地下水埋深过浅或过深均会明显抑制植株叶面积指数和茎粗的增长（P〈0.05）,地下水埋深0.4 m时叶面积指数和茎粗最大.随作物生育进程,根系数量和根系干质量随地下水埋深增大,先减小后增大.玉米灌浆前,单株根系伤流量随地下水埋深增大而增大,而灌浆前后则无显著影响.地下水位埋深过深或过浅均影响穗长、秃尖长、穗粒数、百粒质量及经济产量.分析表明,0.53 m为当地玉米产量最优地下水位埋深.玉米生长期内0~80 cm土层土壤含水量随着地下水埋深增大而降低,同一地下水埋深处理玉米生育期内土壤含水量变化幅度较小.夏玉米全生育期耗水量、阶段耗水量及耗水强度随地下水位埋深增大而直线减少,回归方程在P〈0.01水平下具有统计学意义;同样夏玉米全生育期地下水补给量、阶段地下水补给量及地下水补给强度随地下水位埋深增大而直线减少,回归方程在P〈0.01水平下也具有统计学意义.玉米水分利用率随地下水埋深增大而增大,地下水埋深1.2 m处理水分利用率最高.研究成果对江淮丘陵区地下水资源利用及评价、玉米高产高效灌溉制度的制订具有实际意义.     

生物黑炭对设施土壤理化性质及蔬菜产量的影响

选取典型日光温室,通过一年两季田间小区试验,研究生物黑炭不同用量对设施土壤理化性质及蔬菜产量的影响,以期为生物黑炭在设施土壤中合理运用提供参考。结果表明,设施土壤施用生物黑炭与习惯处理相比,能显著降低土壤容重2.65%~15.73%,提高土壤CEC 1.03%~5.46%,提高土壤有机碳含量7.28%~24.95%,增加土壤速效钾含量19.06%~168.5%,施用量越大效果越明显;施用生物黑炭也增加了土壤水解氮和速效磷含量,但与习惯处理相比差异不显著。生物黑炭本身pH较高,但经过蔬菜整个生长季后,对土壤pH影响不大;生物黑炭矿物质含量较高,增加土壤养分的同时也提高了土壤全盐含量。低量生物黑炭对蔬菜产量影响不大或有提高作用,但高量生物黑炭会造成蔬菜减产,因此,设施土壤生物黑炭施用量不宜过高。     

基于GF-1与Landsat8 OLI影像的作物种植结构与产量分析

作物种植结构监测和估产是精准农业遥感的重点领域,其研究对于指导作物种植结构和制定农业政策具有重要意义。该文以黑龙江省北安市为研究区,以2015年的Landsat8 OLI和多时相GF-1为遥感数据源,基于物候信息和光谱特征确定的农作物识别关键时期和特征参数,构建面向对象的决策树分类模型,开展作物种植结构监测研究;综合植被光谱指数和地面采样数据,采用逐步回归方法建立产量遥感估算模型。结果表明:多源与多时相的遥感数据可以反映不同农作物的季相特征,应用本文所构建的决策树分类模型,作物分类效果较好,总体精度达87.54%,Kappa系数为0.8115;2015年,北安市的主要作物类型为大豆、玉米、水稻和小麦,面积分别为2204、1955、122和19 km~2,其中大豆的种植面积最大,占作物种植面积的51.24%。基于NDVI、EVI和GNDVI构建的多元回归模型为北安市大豆和玉米产量估算最优模型(R~2=0.823 7,均方根误差135.45 g/m~2,精度80.55%);北安市玉米高产区集中分布在西部,大豆的高产区主要分布在东部;2015年北安市玉米和大豆的单产分别为8 659、2 846 kg/hm~2,总产量分别为16.93×10~8、6.27×10~8 kg。利用作物关键物候期的多源多时相遥感数据能够精确高效地提取作物种植结构,构建的产量估算多元回归模型,为精准农业科学发展提供参考。     

不同施氮量对核桃林间作花生生长发育及产量的影响

在核桃林间作条件下,对不同氮肥施用量处理花生植株生长、干物质积累、产量构成及经济效益进行研究.2017年和2018年两年试验结果表明:施氮可促进花生生长和干物质积累,增加花生单株饱果数和百果质量,从而提高产量.在施氮量≤210kg/hm^2时,花生产量随氮肥施用量的增加而逐渐增加,氮肥施用量为300kg/hm2时,花生干物质向荚果分配被抑制,进而产量降低.氮肥施用量为210kg/hm^2时,两年间作花生的产量和利润均达最大值,分别为4938.56 kg/hm^2、4512.71 kg/hm^2和21648元/hm^2、19701元/hm^2.