铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区浮游植物群落特征与水质评价

经济发展改变了铜陵淡水豚国家级自然保护区的水域水生生态环境,为了揭示该保护区浮游植物群落结构特征与水质状况,分别于2011年6月、7月及9月按对4个代表性断面进行浮游植物群落研究,并根据浮游植物群落结构的物种组成,及其结合Shannon-Weaver指数和 Pielou 均匀度指数对水质营养及污染状况进行评价。结果表明：该保护区浮游植物有86种,其中绿藻门最多,34种,占全部浮游植物种类的39.53%;硅藻次之,29种,占总种类的33.73%;蓝藻门14种,占总种类的16.28%。浮游植物总平均密度为9.79×105 ind•L-1,总平均生物量为0.303mg•L-1,调查区域浮游植物平均密度由高到低依次为铜陵沙头南>铜陵沙头北>萝卜洲尾南>萝卜洲尾北;平均生物量由高到低依次为铜陵沙头南>铜陵沙头北>萝卜洲尾北>萝卜洲尾南。铜陵淡水豚自然保护区水质属于富营养型,处于α-中污染状态。     

三峡水库消落区植物群落结构及其季节性变化规律

为揭示三峡水库消落区出露期间植物群落结构特征的季节性变化规律,于2017年4、6和98月,设置了15个调查样地,并根据高程将消落区分为145~155 m、156~165 m和166~175 m等3个区域,并设置未水淹区域（高程176~-185 m）为对照。结果表明,消落区出露时间显著影响着植物群落的组成,随着出露时间的延长,消落区植物群落优势种及其优势度变化规律因植物的生活型不同呈现出相反的变化规律。从4月至8月,优势植物狗牙根、牛鞭草、喜旱莲子草等多年生草本植物优势度下降,鬼针草、苍耳、醴肠、水蓼、野胡萝卜、狗尾草等一年生草本植物优势度增加。而未水淹区植物优势种及其优势度变化规律不会因生活型不同而表现出不同的规律,不同地点的植物群落优势种差异较大,相对来说艾蒿较为优势,其次为小飞蓬。高程也是影响植物群落特征的主要因子,消落区植物群落Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、植物高度均值显著低于未水淹区域,随着高程的增加,Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数、Simpson指数生物多样性指数及、植物高度均值呈增加趋势。三峡水库消落区之所以呈现出目前的植物群落分布特征,植物内在的适应机制包括植物本身的冬季耐水淹能力、夏季抗旱能力、抗病虫害能力以及植物的及其繁殖对策、种源扩散对策等是主因,而外界环境条件,包括消落区土层厚度、地形坡度、土壤基质氮磷等营养盐,以及受水淹持续时间、水淹深度、高程、消落区出露时间等是其主要驱动因子。     

中华绒螯蟹核糖体DNA全序列分析

核糖体DNA通常被选作系统发育研究的分子标记,核糖体DNA中IGS部分序列的变异在一定程度上影响着生物的生长。报道了中华绒螯蟹核糖体DNA全序列的分离和序列特征。中华绒螯蟹核糖体DNA全长11660bp,包括18S(1873bp),ITS1(317bp),5.8S(163bp),ITS2(614bp),28S(4461bp)和IGS(4240bp);不同部分AT含量在40.1%～48.6%之间,低于果蝇(55.8%～80.0%),高于鲤(22.0%～43.7%)。平均100个核苷酸含简单重复序列(SSR)数由高到低依次为ITS2(0.98%),IGS(0.49%),28S(0.38%),ITS1(0.32%),18S(0.21%),5.8S(0%)。个体内差异分析结果表明,中华绒螯蟹个体内存在两类ITS2序列,其中一类在405nt处有一12bp(CGCAGGACCACC)插入序列。中华绒螯蟹rDNA的IGS部分长4240bp,AT含量为42.6%。IGS部分包含一个有约7个连续136～139bp单元组成的重复序列区,重复序列单元中存在XhoⅠ内切酶位点,为河蟹特有的重复序列;重复序列区后有一个由182个碱基对...     

Thirty years of change and the future of Alaskan fisheries: Shifts in fishing participation and diversification in response to environmental,regulatory and economic pressures

Heterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers.     

Analysis of bacterial community and bacterial nutritional enzyme activity associated with the digestive tract of wild Chilean octopus (Octopus mimus Gould, 1852)

Information on the bacterial community associated with octopus is very scarce, unlike fish and other molluscs. This study revealed the bacterial community associated with digestive tract of wild Chilean octopus Octopus mimus using a culture‐dependent method and 16S rDNA clone library. Moreover, we analysed the bacterial nutritional enzyme activity of culturable bacteria. A culture‐dependent method showed that the composition of the culturable bacterial community was substantially different between female and male octopus. The predominant species in female octopus were Vibrionaceae and Streptococcaceae, whereas only Vibrionaceae was dominated in male octopus. Bacterial nutritional enzyme activities of culturable bacteria from male octopus were much higher than female octopus. The 16S rDNA clone library analysis showed that the bacterial community of male octopus exhibited a higher diversity than that of female octopus. The genus Mycoplasma was the predominant bacteria in the digestive tract of all octopus samples. The results obtained in this study raise the possibility that each octopus has different food consumption due to different bacterial community and nutritional enzyme activity, although Mycoplasma sp. is one of the predominant bacteria in the digestive tract. Moreover, our results are useful for the future of microbiological investigation associated with the octopus and for probiotics in the octopus aquaculture.     

Reconciling poverty alleviation with reduction in fisheries capacity: boat aid in post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia

Abstract  The tremendous loss of life and assets resulting from the 2004 tsunami dealt a devastating blow to the coastal communities of Aceh Province, Indonesia. An assessment of the fishing fleet structure pre- and post-tsunami, including associated pattern in boat aid, in 15 coastal communities was conducted and compared with data on boat relief efforts over 17 districts of the Province. Aid was found to be not proportionally allocated to losses incurred by communities and was in many cases below what could be seen as a trend toward overcapacity. The distribution of aid appeared to be done without consideration of the former structure of the fleet, which changed significantly over time (pre- and post-tsunami), and resulted in a new fleet of reduced diversity with a strong focus on the smaller boat categories. If this situation perpetuates after the initial post-disaster period, it may further exacerbate the pre-existing economic and geographic marginalisation of some remote communities, and reduce the capacities of the fleets to diversify and develop multi-species harvesting strategies; thus, increasing the risk of ecologically unsustainable exploitation in near shore areas.     

不同健康程度和抗生素氟苯尼考干预下斑石鲷肠道菌群的结构差异

为了研究不同健康程度和抗生素氟苯尼考干预下斑石鲷肠道菌群结构的差异及其与养殖环境中菌群结构的相关性,采用Illumina Hi Seq PE250高通量测序的方法对健康、亚健康、典型黑身病和口服氟苯尼考条件下的斑石鲷肠道、养殖水体和颗粒饵料中的细菌多样性及群落结构进行了分析比较。结果显示,养殖水体中细菌多样性高于肠道和颗粒饵料。不同健康程度及氟苯尼考干预下斑石鲷肠道中细菌均以变形菌门、厚壁菌门和软壁菌门为主,且对应的操作分类单元(OTU)占样品全部OTU的比例均达到85%以上。黑身病的发生可影响斑石鲷肠道中丰度最高的前20种优势细菌种类的排名次序,其中变形菌门中的弧菌属的相对丰度显著增加,且随着弧菌属丰度的增加,斑石鲷的黑身病症状也逐渐加重。饵料中添加氟苯尼考投喂斑石鲷能使患病鱼肠道弧菌属的丰度从60.33%下降到1.29%,较大程度改变了肠道的菌群结构,并证实氟苯尼考有效防治黑身病。其次,养殖水体和颗粒饵料对斑石鲷肠道菌群也有一定影响,且养殖水体的影响高于颗粒饵料。本研究首次报道了斑石鲷肠道菌群结构,其研究结果为今后斑石鲷的健康养殖、疾病防控及其微生态学研究提供了参考依据和技术支撑。     

桑沟湾养殖海带(Sacharina japonica)碎屑降解速率及影响因素

通过实验室可控条件,以桑沟湾(Sanggou Bay)养殖海带(Sacharina japonica)为研究对象,探讨养殖海带碎屑降解过程中营养盐释放速率及对底质、溶解氧的影响.实验设置2个底质条件(加底泥,无底泥)、2个溶氧条件(好氧,厌氧),各处理组设3个平行,实验持续27 d.结果显示,(1)加入底泥,可以促进海带碎屑的降解.实验结束时,加入底泥组无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、总磷(TP)的平均释放速率分别为1.234、1.802、0.028、0.033 μmo1/(g.d),显著高于未加底泥组的0.039、1.476、0.005、0.010 μmo1/(g·d).而未加底泥组的可溶性有机氮(DON)释放速率为1.437 μmo1/(g·d),显著高于底泥组的0.568 μmo1/(g.d).(2)厌氧条件有利于海带碎屑中P的降解释放,释放的TP中以可溶性有机磷(DOP)为主.TP、DIP、DOP的降解速率显著高于非厌氧条件.但是,厌氧条件下无机氮释放速率为0.097 μmo1/(g·d),仅为好氧条件下无机氮的8％,而总氮为好氧条件下的71％.(3)底泥的加入显著提高了水体的N:P,达到207.83±301.37,厌氧状态使水体N:P降低到9.38±6.55,都较大的偏离对照组的16.82±1.26,远远偏离经典Redfield值(16∶1).整个实验说明养殖海带降解过程受底质、溶氧条件影响,同时,大量海带碎屑腐烂降解,将会对养殖系统的营养盐浓度及结构产生影响.     

珠江口水域秋季刺网的渔获组成及多样性分析

2014年9月使用3种不同结构(单片、双重、三重)和不同网目尺寸(40 mm、50 mm、60 mm)的刺网在珠江口水域进行了海上捕鱼试验,并从多样性和相异性两方面探讨了珠江口水域刺网渔业资源群落结构的差异。试验结果显示,3种刺网的渔获种类数、尾数和质量都随着网目尺寸的增大而减少;相对重要性指数(IRI)大于1 000的优势种有所差异,但深水金线鱼(Nemipterus bathybius)是共同优势种。针对珠江口渔获个体大小悬殊的特点,分别以个体数和生物量为基础计算了该水域的多样性指数,t检验结果显示这两者之间存在显著差异。采用欧氏距离法(Euclidian distance)计算,结果显示不同网目刺网渔业资源群落结构的差异性较高,而同一网目刺网差异性较低。从提高渔业资源群落结构的多样性和恢复其生态稳定性来看,控制网目尺寸是当前最主要和最有效的措施。     

渤海鱼类群落结构及其主要增殖放流鱼类的资源量变化

基于2010年5月和8月渤海渔业调查数据,结合1959年以来渤海鱼类相关文献资料,对渤海鱼类群落结构的演替、主要增殖放流鱼类的资源动态作了初步分析.结果表明,渤海鱼类群落优势种由个体大、营养层次高的带鱼Trichiurus haumela、半滑舌鳎Cynoglossus semilaevis等优质底层鱼类逐渐被黄鲫Setipinna taty、鳀Engra ulis ja ponicus等个体小、营养层次低的小型中上层鱼类所替代,并且除黄鲫外,其他小型鱼类优势种也在不断更替中.另外,生物健康度指数(BHI)分析显示,渤海鱼类群落处于相对不稳定状态.鱼类资源量急剧降低,尤其在5月,CPUE由1959年的186 kg/h下降至目前不足1 kg/h,鱼类资源密集区主要分布在莱州湾、渤海湾和渤海中部,而辽东湾分布相对较少,并且鱼类资源与海蜇呈交错分布.近年来,渤海增殖放流的鱼类仅有花鲈Lateolabrax japonicus和许氏平鲉Sebastes schlegeli的资源量有小幅度回升,其他种类从20世纪80年代开始资源量一直处于下降趋势.从渤海鱼类群落结构的演替和增殖放流鱼类的资源量变化来看,渤海鱼类群落依旧是小型经济价值较低的种类控制其能流结构.除花鲈外,其他增殖放流鱼类的资源量均不足历史最高资源量的1％,其资源量的恢复尚有很大的空间,增殖潜力很大.