The influence of multiyear drought and associated reduction in tributary connectivity on an adfluvial fish species

Multiyear drought is projected to increase in frequency and duration in arid and semiarid regions across the world, threatening native species and ecosystem function. The effects of multiyear drought are often exacerbated by human water use, which manifest in reduced lake elevation, reduced stream discharge, and disruption in hydrologic connectivity for aquatic species. Here, we demonstrate that drought-driven decreasing lake levels reduce the connectivity between tributaries and lakes by creating an elevation-explicit tributary distance map. We combined long-term fish catch data and a lake elevation time-series with our elevation-explicit tributary distance map to test whether population demographics are related to drought-driven changes in tributary connectivity. We surveyed the littoral zone of Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA, from full pool to a depth of >12 m, totalling 94.86 km² surveyed. As lake elevation decreased from full pool to the lowest historical elevation, tributary channel distance increased by 3.5 km. Bear Lake Bonneville Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) catch per unit effort was strongly negatively correlated with tributary channel distance, though individual growth rates were not influenced by drought metrics. We predicted the response of age 0 to age 10 cutthroat under high and low cobble availability, estimating up to a 61% decline in cutthroat CPUE when tributary channel distance is at its maximum historical value. Our study provided a unique opportunity to identify quantitative linkages between climate-driven changes in habitat connectivity and an ecologically important endemic sportfish, expanding our understanding of potential pathways through which climate change may affect lentic ecosystems and fishes.     

翠冠梨异常落叶原因及防治措施

翠冠梨在福建省建宁县种植多年,由于管理不善,近几年异常落叶严重,经调查分析,主要原因是施肥不当、环境恶化、病虫为害加重;可通过科学施肥、改善生境条件、科学防治病虫害等措施防治翠冠梨异常落叶。     

马铃薯 S 病毒内蒙分离株3′端序列的分析

为明确马铃薯S病毒内蒙古分离株（Potato Virus S-Inner Mongolia，PVS-IM）3′端序列结构的特点，通过在马铃薯S病毒亚基因组增强子保守区域设计引物，运用3′RACE技术获得了马铃薯S病毒内蒙古分离株3′端序列。比对显示PVS-IM分离株属于PVSO （ Ordinary）株系，为有针对性的防治病害以及预测产量损失提供依据；分析还发现PVSO和PVSA（Andean）两株系在外壳蛋白氨基酸N端和亚基因组增强子区域也存在可以区分两株系的差异，为区分两株系提供参考，也为PVS基因组功能以及作用机制的研究奠定基础。     

黑熊链球菌的分离鉴定及对小鼠的毒力试验

本试验以死亡黑熊为试验材料,无菌采集病料中的病原体进行分离、培养,应用涂片染色镜检、生化试验及PCR等方法进行鉴定,对分离的病原体进行药物敏感性试验和小鼠毒力试验。结果表明,分离的病原体经革兰染色呈蓝紫色的阳性链球状菌体,经生化试验和PCR鉴定为致病性链球菌,分离的熊源链球菌对头孢先锋V、头孢孟多等药物较为敏感,对BALB/c小鼠具有一定的致病性,最小致死量5×109 CFUs。本试验为黑熊链球菌病的深入研究奠定了基础。     

Population management of threatened taxa in captivity within their natural ranges: Lessons from Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela

Populations of threatened taxa in captivity within their natural ranges can make important contributions to conservation, but these may be compromised by the inappropriate application of population management goals developed in other contexts. We conducted demographic, genetic, and population viability analyses on the captive population of Andean bears (Tremarctos ornatus) in Venezuela to investigate the management of within-range captive populations in general, and to better integrate this population into the conservation of Andean bears in particular. We found that although the present population is very small and not internally self-sustaining, incorporation of confiscated wild individuals has resulted in a low average number of generations in captivity and low inbreeding, with moderate gene diversity and a high probability of future population persistence. However, past imports from extra-range populations have been from over-represented lineages of unknown origin, which have mixed with under-represented Venezuelan ones, reducing the future value of the Venezuelan population as a source for founder stock. Our analyses indicate that the rate of incorporation of wild recruits is a major factor influencing proxy measures of conservation value, and distinguishing within- from extra-range populations. This implies that, contrary to conventional wisdom, internal self-sustainability can be a misguided goal in within-range populations, which furthermore may not be suitable destinations for surplus animals from captive populations elsewhere.     

活体引流术熊胆汁的细菌分离与鉴定

为了解活体引流术后熊胆汁中的细菌分布情况及其耐药性，从延边某熊场无菌采集6只熊的胆汁样本，进行细菌分离鉴定及药敏试验．结果共分离出细菌12株，其中大肠杆菌6株，金黄色葡萄球菌3株，绿脓杆菌2株，沙门氏菌1株．药敏试验结果表明，大肠杆菌对头孢噻肟、氯霉素和头孢唑啉高度敏感；绿脓杆菌对庆大霉素高度敏感；沙门氏菌对氧氟沙星及诺氟沙星高度敏感；金黄色葡萄球菌对氨苄西林／舒巴坦、头孢唑啉、哌拉西林、头孢哌酮、氨苄西林、红霉素和头孢氨苄等高度敏感．     

杉木第一代改良种子园接株产量变异及其构成因素分析

通过杉木第一代改良种子园45个优良无性系调查结果表明：无性系间单株产量达到极显著水准，遗传方差份量占总变异的37．77％，可见杉木种子园产量很大程度上受到遗传性的制约．在参试的45个无性系中，高产无性系占20％，产量占总产的42．02％，单株产量构成的直接因素为单株果量和单果出籽量，间接效应为雌雄花量．     

单桩竖向极限承载力标准值计算的讨论

用现场静载荷试验确定单桩竖向极限承载力标准值时,《建筑桩基技术规范》(JG J94-94)存在着问题,无法进行计算,提出了建议和改进方法。     

有管取胆对熊体及胆粉产质的不良影响

有管取胆，在胆囊内有常在性异物对胆囊与肝脏的不断刺激、损伤与感染，导致各种并发病的发生，胆囊发生半报废或全报废，而致死性的并发病经常导致熊的死亡，胆囊报废、熊只死亡是产生空白（停产），使产值下降的主要根源，肝脏与胆囊形态结构及功能变化是胆粉质量降低，使熊胆粉声誉和药物价值（药效）减低的主要根源，大剂量抗菌素、化学药品对以熊体的长期使用，会导致胆法中存有殖留物质，而劣性熊胆粉（含有害物质及残留物质）的长期 服用，迟早会导致对人体的危害。     

Introgressing resistance to bacterial and viral diseases from the middle American to Andean common bean

The genetic base of cultivars within market classes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is narrow. Moreover, small- and medium-seeded Middle American cultivars often possess higher yield and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses than their large-seeded Andean counterparts. Thus, for broadening the genetic base and breeding for higher yielding multiple stress resistant Andean cultivars use of inter-gene pool populations is essential. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of introgressing resistance to Been common mosaic virus (BCMV, a potyvirus), and the common [caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Xcp) and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans (Xcpf)] and halo [caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp)] bacterial blights from the Middle American to Andean bean, using gamete selection. Also, we investigated the relative importance of the use of a landrace cultivar versus elite breeding line as the last parent making maximum genetic contribution in multiple-parent inter-gene pool crosses for breeding for resistance to diseases. Two multiple-parent crosses, namely ZARA I = Wilkinson 2 /// ‘ICA Tundama’ / ‘Edmund’ // VAX 3 / PVA 773 and ZARA II = ‘Moradillo’ /// ICA Tundama / Edmund // VAX 3 / PVA 773 were made. From the F₁ to F₅ single plant selection was practiced for resistance to the common and halo bacterial blights in both populations at Valladolid, Spain. The parents and F₅-derived F₆ breeding lines were evaluated separately for BCMV, and common and halo bacterial blights in the greenhouse at Filer and Kimberly, Idaho in 2001. They were also evaluated for the two bacterial blights, growth habit, seed color and 100-seed weight at Valladolid in 2002. All 20 F₁ plants of ZARA I were resistant or intermediate to common and halo bacterial blights in the greenhouse, but their F₂ and subsequent families segregated for both bacterial blights. Segregation for resistant, intermediate, and susceptible plants for common bacterial blight occurred in the F₁ of ZARA II. Simple correlation coefficient for common bacterial blight between the F₁ and F₁-derived F₂ families was positive (r = 0.54 P < 0.05) for ZARA II. From the F₂ to F₅ the number of families resistant to both bacterial blights decreased in both populations. Only four of 20 F₁ plants in ZARA I resulted in seven F₆ breeding lines, and only one of 32 F₁ plants in ZARA II resulted in one F₆ breeding line resistant to the three diseases. None of the selected breeding lines had seed size as large as the largest Andean parent. The use of elite breeding line or cultivar as the last parent making maximum genetic contribution to the multiple-parent inter-gene pool crosses, relatively large population size in the F₁, and simultaneous selection for plant type, seed traits as well as resistance to diseases would be crucial for introgression and pyramiding of favorable alleles and quantitative trait loci (QTL) of interest between the Andean and Middle American beans.