人工养熊系统管理的评价

人工养熊是近１０年来才发展起来的一个新兴的特种养殖业。为使其不断发展和永续生产，就必须实行科学的系统管理。其中系统管理的评价是系统管理的一项重要内容。本文在研究人工养熊系统管理的基础上，并结合人工养熊的特点和实际状况，提出了评价人工养熊生产各环节的指标和方法及评价人工养熊系统管理整体效果的方法。     

福建省邵武市水北镇熊园规划构想

通过合理的功能分区和园路组织,将熊园开发成以科普教育为主要目的,兼有观光游览、生产及销售熊胆制品功能的专类动物园。     

The influence of multiyear drought and associated reduction in tributary connectivity on an adfluvial fish species

Multiyear drought is projected to increase in frequency and duration in arid and semiarid regions across the world, threatening native species and ecosystem function. The effects of multiyear drought are often exacerbated by human water use, which manifest in reduced lake elevation, reduced stream discharge, and disruption in hydrologic connectivity for aquatic species. Here, we demonstrate that drought-driven decreasing lake levels reduce the connectivity between tributaries and lakes by creating an elevation-explicit tributary distance map. We combined long-term fish catch data and a lake elevation time-series with our elevation-explicit tributary distance map to test whether population demographics are related to drought-driven changes in tributary connectivity. We surveyed the littoral zone of Bear Lake, Utah and Idaho, USA, from full pool to a depth of >12 m, totalling 94.86 km² surveyed. As lake elevation decreased from full pool to the lowest historical elevation, tributary channel distance increased by 3.5 km. Bear Lake Bonneville Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii utah) catch per unit effort was strongly negatively correlated with tributary channel distance, though individual growth rates were not influenced by drought metrics. We predicted the response of age 0 to age 10 cutthroat under high and low cobble availability, estimating up to a 61% decline in cutthroat CPUE when tributary channel distance is at its maximum historical value. Our study provided a unique opportunity to identify quantitative linkages between climate-driven changes in habitat connectivity and an ecologically important endemic sportfish, expanding our understanding of potential pathways through which climate change may affect lentic ecosystems and fishes.     

熊用益胆素对无管取胆的熊胆粉产量与质量的影响

选用 9头胆汁产量稳定、体况相近的无管取胆黑熊 ,随机分成 3组添加含天然绿色饲料添加剂 0 .5 %组 (试验Ⅰ组 )和添加德国的PINA T饲料添加剂 0 .5 %组 (试验Ⅱ组 )及空白组 (对照组 )试验。结果表明 ,试验Ⅰ组胆汁产量、干粉率、干粉量有极显著提高 (P <0 .0 1) ,而试验Ⅱ组无显著提高 (P >0 .0 5 )。Ⅰ、Ⅱ组粗脂肪的消化率比对照组分别提高 2 .15 %和 4 4 .92 % (P >0 .0 5 )。熊胆粉分析结果表明 ,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组及对照组UDCA含量无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但高效液相色谱分析图谱中UDCA所占峰面积比例试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别比对照组提高 2 9.6 5 %和 14 .6 2 % ,同时CDCA所占峰面积比例试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别比对照组提高 34.5 0 %和7.0 9%。熊胆粉氨基酸分析结果表明 ,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组及对照组氨基酸含量无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;但试验Ⅰ组除天门冬氨基酸外其余均有提高 ,但差异不显著 ;试验II组各氨基酸含量均与对照组相近     

What is Wrong With the Sustainability of Quinoa Production in Southern Bolivia – A Reply to Winkel et al. (2012)

Winkel et al. (2012) have written a note called ‘The sustainability of quinoa production in southern Bolivia: from misrepresentations to dubious solutions. A reply to S. Jacobsen’, which is arguing against my paper (J. Agron. Crop Sci. 197, 2011, 390). In the following, I will respond to their main points.     

Introgressing resistance to bacterial and viral diseases from the middle American to Andean common bean

The genetic base of cultivars within market classes of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is narrow. Moreover, small- and medium-seeded Middle American cultivars often possess higher yield and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses than their large-seeded Andean counterparts. Thus, for broadening the genetic base and breeding for higher yielding multiple stress resistant Andean cultivars use of inter-gene pool populations is essential. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of introgressing resistance to Been common mosaic virus (BCMV, a potyvirus), and the common [caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Xcp) and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscans (Xcpf)] and halo [caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (Psp)] bacterial blights from the Middle American to Andean bean, using gamete selection. Also, we investigated the relative importance of the use of a landrace cultivar versus elite breeding line as the last parent making maximum genetic contribution in multiple-parent inter-gene pool crosses for breeding for resistance to diseases. Two multiple-parent crosses, namely ZARA I = Wilkinson 2 /// ‘ICA Tundama’ / ‘Edmund’ // VAX 3 / PVA 773 and ZARA II = ‘Moradillo’ /// ICA Tundama / Edmund // VAX 3 / PVA 773 were made. From the F₁ to F₅ single plant selection was practiced for resistance to the common and halo bacterial blights in both populations at Valladolid, Spain. The parents and F₅-derived F₆ breeding lines were evaluated separately for BCMV, and common and halo bacterial blights in the greenhouse at Filer and Kimberly, Idaho in 2001. They were also evaluated for the two bacterial blights, growth habit, seed color and 100-seed weight at Valladolid in 2002. All 20 F₁ plants of ZARA I were resistant or intermediate to common and halo bacterial blights in the greenhouse, but their F₂ and subsequent families segregated for both bacterial blights. Segregation for resistant, intermediate, and susceptible plants for common bacterial blight occurred in the F₁ of ZARA II. Simple correlation coefficient for common bacterial blight between the F₁ and F₁-derived F₂ families was positive (r = 0.54 P < 0.05) for ZARA II. From the F₂ to F₅ the number of families resistant to both bacterial blights decreased in both populations. Only four of 20 F₁ plants in ZARA I resulted in seven F₆ breeding lines, and only one of 32 F₁ plants in ZARA II resulted in one F₆ breeding line resistant to the three diseases. None of the selected breeding lines had seed size as large as the largest Andean parent. The use of elite breeding line or cultivar as the last parent making maximum genetic contribution to the multiple-parent inter-gene pool crosses, relatively large population size in the F₁, and simultaneous selection for plant type, seed traits as well as resistance to diseases would be crucial for introgression and pyramiding of favorable alleles and quantitative trait loci (QTL) of interest between the Andean and Middle American beans.     

马铃薯 S 病毒内蒙分离株3′端序列的分析

为明确马铃薯S病毒内蒙古分离株（Potato Virus S-Inner Mongolia,PVS-IM）3′端序列结构的特点,通过在马铃薯S病毒亚基因组增强子保守区域设计引物,运用3′RACE技术获得了马铃薯S病毒内蒙古分离株3′端序列。比对显示PVS-IM分离株属于PVSO （ Ordinary）株系,为有针对性的防治病害以及预测产量损失提供依据;分析还发现PVSO和PVSA（Andean）两株系在外壳蛋白氨基酸N端和亚基因组增强子区域也存在可以区分两株系的差异,为区分两株系提供参考,也为PVS基因组功能以及作用机制的研究奠定基础。     

Variation among Andean races of maize for cold tolerance during heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth

Cold in the initial growth stages is an important stressfactor for maize grown in regions with a temperate climate,particularly in case of early sowing. Sources of tolerancehave been identified in adapted genotypes, but promisinggenes for cold tolerance should also be found in materialdeveloped under the lower-temperature margins of the cropdistribution. This research was conducted in order to testAndean maize accessions for cold tolerance expressed duringboth the heterotrophic and early autotrophic growth stages.Experiments were conducted in controlled environments tostudy cold tolerance traits (germination %, germinationindex and plant growth rate) at continuous 10^°C (heterotrophic growth) and at varying 10–16^°C (autotrophic growth). An experiment was also performed inthe field with early sowing (both heterotrophic and autotrophic growth). In each experiment, a control trialwas conducted in more favourable conditions (i.e. continuous25^°C in a controlled environment or late planting inthe field) so that cold tolerance traits could also beexamined as the ratio between the stress and the controltrial. None of the accessions was superior for all coldtolerance traits. However, several Andean maize accessionsoutperformed the US Corn-belt hybrid checks for one or moretraits, both in heterotrophic and autotrophic growth. Overall, BOZM 855, PMS 636, Poblacion D, Poblacion E andBOZM 696 were the best accessions, suggesting that they canbe a promising source of genes for improving cold toleranceof adapted maize genotypes.     

Grizzly bears and forestry: I: Road vegetation and placement as an attractant to grizzly bears

Today's growing demand for timber is increasing road development in once roadless forest ecosystems. Roads create both local changes in plant communities and landscape-level changes in forest connectivity. Roads also increase human access, which can be detrimental to species such as grizzly bears. Because most grizzly bear mortalities occur near roads, we examined grizzly bear attractants near roads, which could increase bear use of roadsides and consequently increase human/grizzly bear interactions. We measured the prevalence of 16 grizzly bear foods near roads and examined patterns in road placement to better understand use of roaded habitats by grizzly bears in west-central Alberta. We found that roadsides had a higher frequency of ants, Equisetum spp., Taraxicum officinale, Trifolium spp., graminoids, and sedges; whereas, interior forest stands had a higher frequency of Shepherdia canadensis, Vaccinium myrtilloides, V. vitis-idaea, and ungulate pellets, an indicator of ungulate presence. In addition, roads near water had a greater occurrence of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Equisetum spp. than roads not near water, indicating that road placement influenced bear food diversity. Patterns in road placement varied between the upper and lower foothills, although models for the lower foothills predicted road placement in both regions. In the lower foothills, roads were constructed at low elevation, low soil moisture, high sun exposure, and intermediate terrain ruggedness, possibly similar to sites selected by bears. Reducing grizzly bear foods near roads should involve decreasing the width of roadside ditches, banning the planting of clover (Trifolium spp.), and reevaluating road placement in areas with high grizzly bear density.     

翠冠梨异常落叶原因及防治措施

翠冠梨在福建省建宁县种植多年,由于管理不善,近几年异常落叶严重,经调查分析,主要原因是施肥不当、环境恶化、病虫为害加重;可通过科学施肥、改善生境条件、科学防治病虫害等措施防治翠冠梨异常落叶。