Molecular wheat breeding by direct gene transfer

A method for efficient genetic transformation of wheat has been developed using immature embryos as targets for microprojectile-mediated gene transfer and a helium driven particle delivery system. Screening and selection of transgenic cells, somatic embryos and regenerated plants are performed with the gus-gene and the phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) gene coding for Basta-resistance as the selectable marker. On average, one fertile transgenic plant can be obtained from about 100 microprojectile treated, immature embryos. The number of integrated copies of the transferred gene ranges from 1 up to about 10. Stable integrated genes are inherited in most of the transgenic lines in a normal mendelian fashion segregating 3:1 in the F₂. Homozygous, as well as heterozygous, lines have been followed and analysed genetically at the molecular level and up to F₅. Apart from normal stable gene expression, examples have also been found which showed a loss of gene activity or unexpected segregation pattern. For applied aspects, different genes are transferred aiming for improved disease resistance, modification of quality, or other characteristics. First results from these transgenic lines are reported, and problems still existing with the production of stable transgenic wheat lines are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

平面二次包络环面蜗杆副的失配修形

提出平面二次包络环面蜗杆副失配啮合分析的两种新方法：齿面相切法和齿面零间隙法。失配平面二次包络环面蜗杆副啮合分析表明：Ｉ型传动对误差不十分敏感,但同时接触齿数少;标准型和Ⅱ型传动对误差十分敏感。本文提出失配修形法,用标准蜗杆与由Ⅱ型滚刀加工的蜗轮失配啮合,使蜗杆副初装时对误差不敏感,跑合后得到良好的接触质量。     

Rehabilitation of a lignite mine‐disturbed area in the Indian desert

Extensive lignite mining in the Indian (Thar) Desert commenced within the past decade. Accompanying extraction of this valuable resource there have been visible, important environmental impacts. The resultant land degradation has prompted concern from both public and regulatory bodies. This research assesses the success of rehabilitation plans implemented to revegetate a lignite mine‐disturbed area, near the village of Giral in western Rajasthan State. Rehabilitation success was achieved within the environmental constraints of this northwest Indian hot‐desert ecosystem using a combination of: (1) backfilling (abandoned pits) with minespoil and of covering the backfilled‐surfaces with fresh topsoil to a thickness of about 0·30 m; (2) use of micro‐catchment rainwater harvesting (MCWH) technique; (3) soil profile modification approaches; (4) plant establishment methodologies; and (5) the selection of appropriate germplasm material (trees, shrubs and grasses). Preliminary results indicate that the resulting vegetative cover will be capable of self‐perpetuation under natural conditions while at the same time meeting the land‐use requirements of the local people. The minespoil is alkaline in nature and has high electrical conductance. The average content of organic carbon, N, P and K is lower than in the regional topsoil. However, the concentration of Ca, Mg, Na and total S in the minespoil is much higher than in the topsoil. Further, the spoil material has no biological activity. Enhanced plant growth was achieved in MCWH plots, compared to control plots, where minespoil moisture storage was improved by 18–43 per cent. The rehabilitation protocol used at the site appears to have been successful because, in addition to the planted species, desirable native invasive species have become established. This study developed methods for the rehabilitation of lignite mine‐disturbed areas and has also resulted in an understanding of rehabilitation processes in arid regions with an emphasis on the long‐term monitoring of rehabilitation success. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

肠内细菌对天然药物的化学修饰

概述了目前国前国内外利用肠内细菌对天然药物进行生物化学修饰的研究进展情况,其中包括利用大鼠,豚鼠,家兔等试验动物及其肠内细菌对懈皮素和其糖苷－芦丁（＋）－儿茶素（４－＾１４Ｃ）－鹰嘴豆芽素Ａ１伞形花内酯和脱肠草素,芹菜素（５,７,４－三羟基黄酮）苦杏仁苷,人对皂甙Ｒｇ１及Ｒｂ１和厚朴酚,厚朴酚等的代谢,也包括利用人体肠内细菌对潘泻叶苷,异草素,当药苦苷,龙胆苦苷,桃叶珊瑚苷,京尼平苷,桅子苷,芍药     

植酸改性木粉制备及其吸附性能研究

[目的]将木材加工剩余物木粉和改性木粉作为废水中染料污染物的吸附剂,并探究其性能,为木粉高值化利用提供一种策略.[方法]以植酸(PA)为绿色改性剂接枝木粉制备了木粉基吸附剂(PA-WF),利用SEM-EDS、ATR-FTIR、XRD、BET对PA-WF的表面形貌、元素分布、官能团、孔隙度、比表面积、结晶度和结晶结构进行...     

菠萝叶纤维的化学表面改性及其应用

概述国内外有关菠萝叶纤维化学表面改性的研究情况,介绍其主要的化学改性方法和改性后取得的结果,以及改性菠萝叶纤维在增强聚合物基复合材料中的应用研究。     

容积率对地价的影响及修正系数的确定--以南京市六合区为例

容积率是评价地价的重要指标,它对地区的经济发展有很大的影响。为此,通过对容积率内涵的挖掘,分析了容积率影响地价的几个主要方面;结合南京市六合区本次基准地价更新的调查资料,从样点地价的容积率修正和基准地价的容积率修正两个方面对容积率修正系数进行了分析。     

BS-DTAB复配修饰红壤对苯酚的吸附

为了探究复配修饰后,可变电荷类型的红壤与恒电荷土壤对苯酚的吸附差异,以红壤作为供试土样,在两性表面活性剂BS-12(十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱)修饰的基础上,以阳离子型表面活性剂DTAB(十二烷基三甲基溴化铵)复配修饰制备两性-阳离子复配修饰红壤,采用批处理法研究在单一苯酚及Cd2+复合条件下供试土样对苯酚的吸附效果,并分析不同修饰比例、温度、离子强度和pH的影响。结果表明,DTAB复配修饰增强了BS-12两性修饰红壤对苯酚的吸附能力,单一苯酚表现出在总修饰比例小于150%CEC时吸附量随着修饰比例的增加而递增;各修饰土对苯酚的吸附具有增温负效应;苯酚吸附量随着pH的升高而降低;随着离子强度的增大,苯酚单一处理时供试土样对苯酚吸附量减少,但苯酚和Cd2+复合处理时,则呈现先降低后升高的趋势。Henry模型能较好地拟合各修饰红壤对苯酚吸附的等温吸附数据,吸附以分配机制为主;供试土样对苯酚的吸附属于自发的物理吸附过程。复配修饰红壤的苯酚吸附量低于恒电荷土壤,其黏土矿物成分决定的低CEC是主要影响因素。