美国大学商业化现象及其启示

商业化已经成为美国大学校园里一个普遍的现象.文章首先引入SWOT分析机制,从内部和外部两方面深入探讨美国大学商业化现象产生的原因.接着对商业化现象的四种主要表现形式,即体育竞赛、产学研合作、推广教育课程以及大学内部课程结构的商业化等进行分析.这些商业化既给大学带来利益,也使大学付出代价.大学应该划出一条适当的界限,既保护大学核心价值,又推动大学更好地为社会发展服务.     

不同枣粉水平对陕北白绒山羊肉呈味物质的影响

本试验旨在研究不同枣粉水平对陕北白绒山羊肉呈味物质的影响.选取40只6月龄、初始体重为(20.15±1.63)kg的健康陕北白绒山羊,随机分为5组(每组8个重复,每个重复1只羊),分别饲喂含0(对照组)、10％(试验Ⅰ组)、15％(试验Ⅱ组)、20％(试验Ⅲ组)、25％(试验Ⅳ组)枣粉的试验饲粮.预试期10 d,正试期...     

基于改进的粒子群多阈值算法的白色异性纤维检测

为了提高皮棉中白色异性纤维的识别精度,该文提出了一种基于改进混沌粒子群的白色异性纤维检测算法,该算法将图像的像素点按灰度值分为多类,把所有相邻类间方差看做一个粒子种群,以最大类间方差组作为种群适应度评价函数。通过滑动窗口技术判断算法是否陷入局部最优。有效克服了标准粒子群算法容易陷入局部最优的缺陷。通过试验验证,该文提出的算法对白色异性纤维的识别准确率达到98.6%。通过与标准二维Otsu算法的对比分割试验发现在分割较细小的白色异性纤维以及白色纤维与皮棉发生重叠的情况时,该算法的分割结果比标准二维Otsu算法更准确,噪声点更少。为皮棉异性纤维检测与剔除工艺的改善提供了技术依据。     

Management practices to control premature senescence in Bt cotton

Commercial cultivation of Bt cotton produced higher boll load which led to stiff inter-original competition for photosynthates, resulting in early cessation of growth (premature senescence) due to more availability of sink and less sources. To overcome this problem, field experiment was conducted during 2011 and 2012 using five treatments of plant growth manipulation viz. no fruiting branch removal (F₁), removal of first fruiting branch (F₂), removal of first and second fruiting branch (F₃), removal of all squares from first fruiting branch (F₄), removal of all squares from first and second fruiting branches (F₅), and three potassium (K) application rates viz. 50 kg ha^?1 (K₁), 100 kg ha^?1 (K₂), and 150 kg ha^?1 (K₃). More nodes above white flower were recorded in F₅, followed by F₃, while minimum were recorded in F₁. Among potassium levels, maximum nodes above white flower were recorded in K₃ followed by K₂ and K₁ during both years of study. Plant height recorded at physiological cutout stage or at maturity stage showed that plants gained more height with removal of all squares from first tosecond fruiting branches with higher potassium dose. Leaf K increased with increasing applied potassium and also with square/branch removal. So early removal of squares/fruiting branches along with higher potassium dose helped in delaying canopy senescence in Bt cotton.     

外源性环核苷酸调控哈白兔血脂、血糖及血蛋白的动态变化研究

为了研究外源性环核苷酸对动物体内血脂、血糖及血蛋白的动态变化规律的调控作用,本研究以哈白兔为试验动物,通过注射外源注射环鸟苷酸、环腺苷酸及其等量混合物的腹腔注射液,研究了不同处理组4天内不同时间点动物血脂、血糖及血蛋白的动态变化规律。结果发现： cGMP单独处理后,血脂含量大幅度增加,平均增加了17.63％,而经过cAMP处理后的血脂含量有较小幅度的减小;cAMP单独处理后,血糖含量平均增加了1.79％,而cGMP单独处理后血糖含量明显增加,增加率超过了10％;经过cGMP,cAMP和混合处理后血蛋白平均增加率大约为5％左右。此外,cGMP对促进脂肪的合成代谢有明显作用,通过注射cGMP在10h内对血脂没有影响,10～21h对血脂的合成有显著促进作用,21h后血脂才保持一定的增加幅度;而cAMP对降解有较小作用,通过注射cAMP在45h以内对血脂有降解作用,而45～65h又转为合成作用,65h以后作用消失;注射CNT 6～21h时,糖异生作用促进了动物体内血糖含量的增加;注射CNT对血蛋白的作用不明显。这些主要代谢物质的动态变化规律为应用CNT调控动物体内营养物质代谢水平提供了有利的理论依据。     

Multi-scale use of lands providing anthropogenic resources by American Crows in an urbanizing landscape

The conversion of forests and farmlands to human settlements has negative impacts on many native species, but also provides resources that some species are able to exploit. American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos), one such exploiter, create concern due to their impact as nest predators, disease hosts, and cultural harbingers of evil. We used various measures of crow abundance and resource use to determine crows’ response to features of anthropogenic landscapes in the Puget Sound region of the United States. We examined land cover and land use composition at three spatial scales: study sites (up to 208 ha), crow home ranges within sites (18.1 ha), and local land cover (400 m²). At the study site and within-site scales crow abundance was strongly correlated with land cover providing anthropogenic resources. In particular, crows were associated with the amount of ‘maintained forest’ cover, and were more likely to use grass and shrub cover than forest or bare soil cover. Although crows did not show a generalized response to an edge variable, they exhibited greater use of patchy habitat created by human settlements than of native forests. Radio-tagged territorial adults used resources within their home ranges relatively evenly, suggesting resource selection had occurred at a larger spatial scale. The land conversion pattern of new suburban and exurban settlements creates the mix of impervious surfaces and maintained vegetation that crows use, and in our study area crow populations are expected to continue to increase. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

白茶寿眉预防小鼠肥胖作用研究及安全性评价

取1、3、7年寿眉(白茶)制备白茶提取物(White tea extracts,WTEs)。在对雄性C57BL/6J小鼠喂饲高脂饲料的同时给予WTEs干预,诱导建立预肥胖模型。观察小鼠体质量增量、摄食量、脂肪和肝脏组织病理学变化,统计脂肪湿重,测定血脂及血转氨酶水平。q PCR测定小鼠肝脏中脂代谢相关基因表达。综合评价WTEs预防小鼠肥胖功效及其安全性,并对其机制进行探究。结果显示,WTEs在无肝毒性和生长抑制作用条件下,能抑制脂肪细胞分化和脂肪的过度积累,还能下调SREBP-1c、FAS和ACC1的转录水平,抑制肝脏脂肪酸合成和脂肪过度积累,有效预防肥胖和脂肪肝的发生。高剂量下,WTEs预防肥胖功效随白茶年份的增加而显著降低。     

Combined mutations in five wheat STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II genes improve resistant starch but affect grain yield and bread-making quality

Increases in the proportion of amylose in the starch of wheat grains result in higher levels of resistant starch, a fermentable dietary fiber associated with human health benefits. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of combined mutations in five STARCH BRANCHING ENZYME II (SBEII) genes on starch composition, grain yield and bread-making quality in two hexaploid wheat varieties. Significantly higher amylose (∼60%) and resistant starch content (10-fold) was detected in the SBEII mutants than in the wild-type controls. Mutant lines showed a significant decrease in total starch (6%), kernel weight (3%) and total grain yield (6%). Effects of the mutations in bread-making quality included increases in grain hardness, starch damage, water absorption and flour protein content; and reductions in flour extraction, farinograph development and stability times, starch viscosity, and loaf volume. Several traits showed significant interactions between genotypes, varieties, and environments, suggesting that some of the negative impacts of the combined SBEII mutations can be ameliorated by adequate selection of genetic background and growing location. The deployment of wheat varieties with increased resistant starch will likely require economic incentives to compensate growers and millers for the significant reductions detected in grain and flour yields.     

外源性CNT对3 H-赖氨酸在哈白兔体内代谢动力学的影响

以哈白兔为试验动物,利用同位素示踪法研究外源环核苷酸(CNT)对3H-标记的赖氨酸(3H-Lysine)在动物体内的分布、转运与代谢影响,其示踪动力学可用二室模型来描述:^Y(t)=983.6281e-0.021935t+1773.9999e-0.083932t-983.6281e-0.432590t-0773.9999e-0.050399t+300.2820。研究结果证明,皮下注射95h后,对照组3H-Lysine主要分布于肾脏、心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肌肉中;cGMP组中主要分布分布于膀胱、肌肉、肺脏、肠中;cAMP组主要分布于肌肉、胃、肝脏、心脏、生殖器中;cGMP+cAMP组中主要分布于肌肉、膀胱、生殖器、脂肪。同时,心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肌肉、脑、膀胱、肠器官中,皮下注射环核苷酸后均有显著(p<0.05)或极显著(p<0.01)的变化,说明外源性CNT对赖氨酸在哈白兔血液中的代谢及在组织和器官中分布均有明显影响。