铝在钠蒙脱土上的吸附研究

在293.15-338.15K范围内,溶液初始pH值为2、3和4条件下,用静态法系统地研究了铝在钠蒙脱土的吸附等温线及pH值、温度对吸附反应的影响.吸附等温线可用Langmuir模型描述,吸附在粘土表面的铝除Al3+形式外,还有水解产物形式(羟基铝).根据pH变化估算了反应过程中,粘土边缘吸附的H+,吸附于粘土表面Al3+的水解所束缚的OH-和表面水解度.对三价离子与粘土的相互作用机理及pH对吸附的影响进行了研究.     

Nonhydrolyzable forms of soil organic nitrogen: Extractability and composition

The chemical identity of organic nitrogen (N) containing compounds in soils is only partially known, because 20—35% of soil N can not be hydrolyzed and identified by wet‐chemical methods. Therefore a new methodology for investigations of the extractability and composition of nonhydrolyzed N was developed using a combination of selective extraction, wet‐chemical analyses and pyrolysis‐mass spectrometry. Residues of organic matter hydrolysis with 6 M HCl from particle‐size separates and whole soils of five sites in Thyrow, 2 × Halle, Lauterbach and Bad Lauchstädt (Germany) were treated with dithionite/citrate/bicarbonate (DCB) to remove pedogenic oxides and bound N‐containing compounds. Between 13 and 61% (mean 34 ± 13%) of nonhydrolyzed N (N_nhydr) was extracted with DCB. For all particle‐size separates, there was a close positive correlation between the contents of nonhydrolyzed N and DCB extractable Al and Fe, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficients showed that the specific surface areas of samples were the major factor determining the contents of N_nhydr. About 30—50% of the variation in N_nhydr could be explained by the variation in the contents of pedogenic oxides. In the DCB extraction residues an additional portion of 12 to 66% of N was hydrolyzed by 6 M HCl. About 75% of total N in the DCB extracts was hydrolyzed, and 29% was identified as α‐amino‐N. Amino acid analysis showed that the DCB extracts from clay and fine silt contained all amino acids characteristic of soils. Pyrolysis‐field ionization mass spectrometry (Py‐FIMS) of a freeze‐dried DCB extract indicated the presence of peptides (about 5% of total ion intensity) and heterocyclic N‐containing compounds (about 3% of total ion intensity). In summary, these results provide evidence that organic‐mineral bonds at reactive surfaces (silicates, pedogenic oxides, alkali‐extractable organic substances) are the main factors for the nonhydrolyzability of significant amounts of organic N, including peptides. It is concluded that the processes of trapping and binding of proteinaceous compounds proceed as postulated for recent models of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil particles. Molecular mechanics calculations show large gaps between SOM and the mineral matrix and as well as fine pores and voids in SOM which have a strong potential to occlude and bind peptides (hydrogen bonds).     

南方主要土壤中铁铝氧化物对土壤吸附Bt蛋白的影响

[目的]研究Bt蛋白与南方主要土壤(砖红壤、赤红壤、红壤和黄壤)的相互作用,探讨不同形态铁铝氧化物对吸附的影响.[方法]采用平衡吸附法研究Bt蛋白在不同土壤上的吸附特征,并用Langmuir方程进行拟合.[结果]Bt蛋白在去游离态铁铝砖红壤和红壤表面吸附曲线为H型,而在其它供试土壤表面的吸附曲线均为L型,可用Langmuir方程拟合;去除络合态铁铝土壤对Bt蛋白吸附量增加,而去除其它形态铁铝氧化物土壤上的吸附量均有不同程度的降低,且游离态铁铝对Bt蛋白吸附的影响最大;Bt蛋白在去除络合态铁铝土壤表面吸附亲和力最大,在去除游离态铁铝的供试土壤表面亲和力最小.[结论]除络合态铁铝外,游离态、非晶形态等铁铝氧化物能促进土壤对Bt蛋白的吸附,这将为Bt蛋白在土壤中环境风险评价提供参考.     

铝对木荷林凋落物层大中型土壤动物的影响

2012年11月至2013年10月在人工木荷林设置样地,通过8次取样,研究铝浓度增加对木荷林凋落物层大中型土壤动物的影响.结果表明:铝溶液梯度对土壤动物数量和类群数的影响不显著;优势类群甲螨亚目和弹尾纲对铝溶液处理不敏感,而铝溶液对一些常见类群的影响较为显著,中气门亚目和鞘翅目数量随着铝溶液浓度的增加而减少,可作为铝溶液影响大中型土壤动物的指示类群.取样期对土壤动物数量和类群数的影响极显著;在土壤动物数量较少的季节铝溶液对土壤动物群落的影响更加明显;铝溶液处理降低了土壤动物群落的多样性水平,不利于植物良好微生态环境的建立.     

氧化还原条件下有机物料对酸性土壤pH、铁形态和铜吸附解吸的影响

研究了添加有机物料对水稻土、红壤和砖红壤在干湿交替一次以后土壤pH、铁的形态和对铜吸附解吸行为的影响。结果表明,添加有机物料使得土壤pH升高,且随着有机物料加入量的增加而升高。与对照相比,添加有机物料可使水稻土、红壤和砖红壤的pH分别上升1.55、0.8和1.33个pH单位。红壤和砖红壤中无定形氧化铁含量增加,而水稻土中变化不大。在铜的平衡浓度为0.2 mmol/L时,添加有机物料培养可使水稻土、红壤和砖红壤铜的吸附量分别增加6.7、10.3和3.6 mmol/kg。     

玉米耐铝性研究——Ⅰ.玉米苗期的耐铝性筛选

在以三种不同铝浓度(3.375、6.750,10.125ppm)对6个常规玉米品种进行耐铝性鉴定的基础上,选择根长标准差最大的6.750ppm铝浓度对20个玉米品种或自交系进行了耐铝性筛选,其中3个品种为耐铝性品种,13个品种为半耐铝性品种,4个品种为铝敏感品种。     

应用泡沫分离技术处理NO_X废气的初步探讨

采用一种新的泡沫分离技术处理NO_x废气.在泡沫分离塔中,以含有A-912混合型表面活性剂的尿素溶液对NO_x进行吸收条件试验.经一级处理,吸收率达93%.     

城市街道建筑物不同屋顶结构对机动车排放污染物扩散的影响

为了研究建筑物不同屋顶结构对街道峡谷中汽车排放污染物扩散影响特性,采用RNGκ-ε湍流模型方程及污染物对流扩散方程对其进行了二维数值模拟,得到了街道峡谷中机动车排放氮氧化物的流场和浓度场,从而证明了建筑物不同屋顶结构对街道峡谷中汽车排放污染物扩散确有明显影响作用.     

Dune whitening and inter-dune freshwater ponds in NE Brazil

The changes in color of sand dunes from white to yellow or red is often interpreted to signify their age or their source materials. In this study we demonstrate the effect seasonal inter-dune freshwater ponds have on the bleaching of the color of sand dunes by iron reduction in the anaerobic conditions they create. By combining spectral measurements of field samples of dune sand together with the analysis of satellite images covering three dune fields in NE Brazil (Lençóis Maranhenses, Jericoacoara and Canoa Quebrada) we demonstrate its existence in the field. In areas where ponds cover 41% of the dune field (as in Lençóis Maranhenses) an almost total bleaching in the color of the sand occurs after which the dunes remain white with no relation to distance from the coastline. In areas with less ponds (e.g. Jericoacoara or Canoa Quebrada) dune whitening is less active, and there are areas where dune rubification occurs. As this process may have occurred in other dune fields during past climate conditions that may have been different from current ones, interpretations of dunes age based on their color should be handled with care.     

外源有机酸对荞麦幼苗铝毒害的缓解效应

研究了外源有机酸对荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)幼苗铝毒害的缓解效应，结果表明，0.4 mmol·L^-1的铝溶液能够显著抑制荞麦根的伸长，降低根系活力，增加叶细胞电解质渗漏率和丙二醛含量。铝溶液中加入不同浓度（0.2、0.4、0.8和1.2 mmol·L^-1）的草酸、柠檬酸或苹果酸后，以上伤害均减轻。用羊毛铬青R比色法检测表明，外源有机酸可以降低植物体各部位铝的含量。推测外源有机酸通过络合作用可以减少了根际和植物体内的铝数量，以达缓解铝毒害的目的。