不同剂型葫芦茶对两种常见昆虫幼虫的杀灭试验

用10%葫芦茶浸膏、葫芦茶粉剂、葫芦茶煎剂、葫芦茶浸剂、葫芦茶浸泡剂、葫芦茶碳化剂对叶蜂科幼虫、灯蛾科幼虫进行杀灭试验,对照组用凉开水.结果不同剂型葫芦茶等对参试的幼虫均无杀灭效果.虫体死亡与药毒无关,而是由于浸泡在药液里窒息而死.     

转基因苜蓿研究的现状和前景

简要综述了紫花苜蓿转基因研究的现状,介绍了外源基因转化苜蓿和构建转基因苜蓿植株的手段以及转基因苜蓿研究中的常见问题,展望了转基因苜蓿应用的前景,讨论了苜蓿转基因育种中的生物安全问题。     

Shift of allelochemicals from Sorghum halepense in the soil and their effects on the soil's bacterial community

Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense [L.]Pers.), an exotic invasive weed in China, secretes the phenolic compounds, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (p‐HBA) and p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (p‐HBAL), as the dominant allelochemicals in the root exudates. To better understand how these two allelochemicals affect the soil microbial community in the rhizosphere of S. halepense, the fate of these compounds in the invaded soil and the effect of these phytotoxins on the soil bacterial community were evaluated. The concentrations of the allelochemicals in the soil were determined by a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet/photodiode array after 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 and 24 h of treatment. MiSeq sequencing was undertaken to understand how the bacterial populations in the soil were affected by the allelochemicals. The HPLC results indicated that p‐HBA was degraded by the microorganisms that were present in the soil after 1 h and disappeared after 6 h of incubation. The compound, p‐HBAL, initially was converted to p‐HBA and then the p‐HBA broke down, disappearing after 12 h of incubation in non‐sterile soil. Both p‐HBA and p‐HBAL were stable under sterile soil conditions for up to 24 h. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly inhibited. However, those of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia and Cyanobacteria were increased by the p‐HBAL treatment. These findings suggest that allelochemicals from S. halepense might affect the bacterial community composition in the soil.     

香根草·苜蓿和三叶草对土壤盐分的影响

[目的]为了比较香根草、苜蓿和三叶草对土壤盐分吸收能力的优劣。[方法]采用不同等级的NaCl溶液或K2CO3溶液,定期定量浇灌栽培在同质地土壤上的香根草、苜蓿和三叶草。通过5个月试验研究,分析香根草的成活率、分蘖率和香根草、苜蓿和三叶草的生物量积累率及植株体内的盐分含量,并比较了香根草、苜蓿和三叶草吸收土壤中盐分的质量和能力。[结果]香根草、苜蓿和三叶草都对土壤中盐分有吸收能力,且苜蓿对土壤盐分吸收能力最强,香根草对土壤盐分吸收能力次之,三叶草对土壤盐分吸收能力最弱。[结论]香根草、苜蓿和三叶草对土壤中盐分的吸收能力与土壤盐度有关,同时对土壤中盐分的吸收是有选择性的。     

甘蓝型细胞质雄性不育杂交油菜亲本配合力与遗传力效应研究

选用甘蓝型油菜5个细胞质雄性不育系和5个优势恢复系,采用不完全双列杂交,配制25个杂交组合,对25个组合的10个主要数量性状进行了配合力和遗传力分析,结果表明,双亲的一般配合力效应依次对杂交F1代的一次有效分枝数、产量、株高、单株有效角果数和千粒重有明显影响;特殊配合力效应对二次有效分枝数、单株有效角果数和产量的表现有较大影响;5个不育系中A1的一般配合力效应值最高;5个恢复系中R4一般配合力效应值最高;产量特殊配合力好的组合是A5不育系×R1、A4不育系×R4.遗传力分析表明,产量、一次有效分枝数、单株有效角果数、株高和千粒重等的遗传力较高.     

陕西关中中部灌区12个小麦品种幼胚脱分化特性研究

[目的]对陕西关中中部灌区推广的12个小麦品种幼胚脱分化特性进行研究,以筛选出优良转化受体的基因型。[方法]供试小麦品种为综合农艺性状优良的小偃22、西农9871、西农979、阎麦8911、西农889、西农2611、陕麦159、陕农138、西农2000、西农3517、小偃216和西农538。培养基A:MS基本培养基+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂4 g/L;培养基B:MS基本培养基+2,4-D 2.0 mg/L+6-BA 0.5 mg/L+AgNO32.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂4 g/L。培养温度25～26℃,暗培养,28～35 d继代培养1次。[结果]不同小麦品种之间愈伤组织的形成时间、愈伤组织诱导率、胚芽率和胚性愈伤组织诱导率明显不同,且在2种培养基间的波动趋势具有一致性;培养基中附加的AgNO3可以减轻胚发芽的发生概率而促进胚性愈伤组织产生;12个品种中,小偃22、陕农138和小偃216表现出较好的脱分化综合性状,可用于小麦的基因转化研究。[结论]该研究可为建立高效稳定的小麦植株再生体系奠定基础。     

Using arbuscular mycorrhiza to reduce the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth

Soil compaction is of great importance in agriculture, because its high levels may adversely affect plant growth and the environment. Since mechanical methods are not very efficient and economical, using biological methods to alleviate the stress of soil compaction on plant growth may be beneficial. The objectives of this study were to: (1) evaluate the effects of soil compaction on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, and (2) test the hypothesis that applying arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with different origins can partially or completely overcome the stressful effects of soil compaction on corn growth under unsterilized and sterilized conditions. Corn was planted in unsterilized and sterilized compacted soils, while treated with three species of AM including, Iranian Glomus mosseae, Iranian Glomus etunicatum, and Canadian Glomus mosseae, received from GINCO (Glomales in vitro Collection), Canada. Plant growth variables and soil resistance parameters were determined. AM significantly increased root fresh (maximum of 94% increase) and dry (maximum of 100% increase) weights in the compacted soil. AM with different origins may improve corn growth in compacted soils, though its effectiveness is related to the level of compaction and also to the interaction with other soil microorganisms.     

苜蓿青贮销售的“痛点”与突破

苜蓿蛋白质含量高,消化率高,营养价值好。随着畜牧业的发展和农业结构的调整,我国苜蓿种植面积逐年扩大。由于收获期雨热同季导致割晒苜蓿自然晒干较为困难,所以制作成青贮成为近几年苜蓿高效利用的重要方法之一。苜蓿青贮具有适口性好、易于保存、加工损耗低等优点,国内苜蓿种植户纷纷加入制作苜蓿青贮的队伍,但并未推动该产业快速、良性发展。本文探讨苜蓿青贮销售的痛点和难点,并提出建议,以期为同行提供参考。     

水稻和昆虫细胞自噬期间自噬体发生的细胞学机理

【目的】从细胞学角度研究细胞自噬过程中膜结构细胞器的变化及其与自噬体发生的关系。【方法】以基因互作引起细胞调亡现象发生的水稻爪粳杂种F1和天然化合物印楝素、喜树碱、苦参碱诱导凋亡的昆虫细胞Sf9为材料,通过透射电子显微镜和荧光显微镜技术观察细胞自噬凋亡期间自噬体的特征。【结果】水稻杂种F1花粉母细胞在不同发育时期存在不同程度的退化,部分细胞内线粒体形态发生显著变化,形成长哑铃型或线管状,最后两端弯曲形成双层膜结构的细胞器;绒毡层细胞均出现内质网膨大,且逐渐包裹周围其它细胞器,如线粒体,形成双层膜结构的自噬体,最终引发细胞的自噬性凋亡。喜树碱和苦参碱诱发凋亡的细胞胞内线粒体形态发生拉长、弯曲,最后闭合形成包裹其它细胞器的双层膜结构自噬体;印楝素和喜树碱诱发凋亡的细胞胞内核通过分页和出芽的方式形成双层膜结构自噬体。【结论】动植物细胞自噬凋亡过程中,内质网、线粒体和细胞核3种膜结构细胞器均是自噬体膜结构的直接来源,然而3种膜结构细胞器参与自噬体形成的程度和方式因物种、细胞种类以及自噬诱发因素的变化而不同。     

Proteins and Carbohydrates in Developing Rice Panicles with Different Numbers of Spikelets: —Cultivar difference and the effect of nitrogen topdressing—

Abstract

Proteins and carbohydrates in developing rice panicles were analyzed to see whether these parameters control spikelet number in rice. Two rice cultivars and 2 levels of nitrogen topdressing were used to obtain panicles with different numbers of spikelets. A japonica rice cultivar, Nipponbare, with topdressing (H) had 1.8 times more spikelets per panicle than that without topdressing (L). Moreover, the number of spikelets per panicle in an indica rice cultivar, Takanari, without topdressing was 2.7 times larger than that in Nipponbare-L. Panicles with more spikelets (LP) in Nipponbare-H and Takanari-L showed slower growth than those with few spikelets (SP) in Nippanbare-L in an early stage. LP, however, increased markedly in size thereafter, eventually exceeding SP, in length and fresh weight. Soluble protein content was higher in LP than SP in an early stage, but this difference was hardly detected in a late stage. No clear difference was observed in sugars or starch between LP and SP. Analysis of soluble and insoluble proteins by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that bands corresponding to insoluble proteins with a molecular weight about 42 kDa were present at higher intensities in LP than in SP. These results suggest that the spikelet number in rice is controlled by the soluble protein content in an early stage and insoluble proteins with a molecular weight of 42 kDa during panicle development, but not by the carbohydrates in developing panicles.