植保无人机旋翼风场模型与雾滴运动机理研究进展

近几年,植保无人机施药技术在中国获得广泛应用,并逐渐发展为国内主要植保技术之一。但由于对植保无人机施药技术基础理论研究不够深入,相关机理尚不明晰,且植保无人机作业平台的稳定性依然有待提高,导致国内植保无人机施药效果不够理想。深入研究植保无人机施药技术的基础理论,理论结合试验结果共同指导植保无人机田间施药是提高其施药效果的关键。该研究综述了植保无人机旋翼风场分布特性、雾滴与无人机旋翼风场交互机理、雾滴沉降与飘移机理、雾滴与叶片表面的交互作用机理及雾滴分散和蒸发特性等植保无人机施药技术基础理论及其模型构建的国内外研究现状,并结合其基础理论与模型构建的国内外研究现状,给出植保无人机施药技术的未来发展建议,以期为植保无人机施药技术的发展提供参考。     

多轴转向车辆转向机构优化设计

多轴转向车辆转向机构是车辆转向时实现内、外轮理想转角关系的核心部件。该文根据汽车车轮转向特性，利用阿克曼定理，应用ADAMS软件建立多轴转向车辆转向机构的仿真模型，同时对转向机构进行了优化。和传统的设计方法相比，这种方法提高了精度和效率。对其它多轴车辆转向机构的优化设计也有一定的参考价值。     

无人机遥感解析田间作物表型信息研究进展

田间作物表型信息是揭示作物生长发育规律及其与环境关系的重要依据,传统的田间试验取样和车载高通量平台测定作物性状参数的方法耗时耗力,且空间覆盖不全,限制了作物科学研究的快速发展,而以无人机为代表的近地遥感高通量表型平台凭借机动灵活、成本低、空间覆盖广的优势成为获取田间作物表型信息的重要手段。该文根据国内外无人机遥感平台解析作物表型信息的最新研究成果,针对不同传感器类型分析了无人机遥感解析作物表型信息的应用及其不足,总结了遥感定量反演作物表型信息的方法体系,展望了无人机载遥感技术在作物表型信息解析方面的应用前景。该项研究成果对推广无人机遥感平台获取田间作物表型信息、提高复杂农田环境作物长势信息的解析和辨识能力具有重要意义。     

Effects of ambient gaseous pollutants on photosynthesis,growth, yield and grain quality of selected crops grown at different sites varying in pollution levels

In recent decades, ambient gaseous pollution has increased due to anthropogenic activities worldwide. The studies to evaluate the adverse effects of ambient pollutants on commonly grown food crops are still limited, especially in Asian countries like Pakistan. The present study was conducted to measure the ambient pollutants in different sites of Faisalabad and their impact on growth and yield of wheat, mung bean and peas. Plants were grown in pots and placed at three sites named as control (Wire house of Government College University, Faisalabad), low pollution (LP) (Farm Area of Ayub Agricultural Research Institute) and high pollution (HP) (GT Chowk, Faisalabad) sites. Results showed that ambient ozone (O₃) concentration was highest at HP site followed by LP site and was below AOT40 in control site. Ambient pollutants caused foliar injury in crops and decreased plant height, leaf area, biomass and grain yield. Pollutants caused a reduction in photosynthetic pigments, stomatal conductance and net photosynthetic rate and grain protein contents in all three crops. In conclusion, the ambient O₃ level was highest at HP site, this current O₃ level and other pollutants decreased the growth and yield of important food crops.     

电动多旋翼植保无人机升力特性综合测评方法

升力特性是电动多旋翼植保无人机性能测试的重要参数之一。为了实现对电动多旋翼植保无人机升力特性的性能检测,针对不同型号、不同规格的电动多旋翼植保无人机在评价过程中存在无统一的评价指标问题,该文提出了一种半系留式电动多旋翼植保无人机升力特性的测试与评价方法,包括性能检测平台、升力特性测试方法及指标、升力特性的评价方法。为了验证方法的可行性,对3种不同机型(分别为四旋翼机型Ⅰ、六旋翼机型Ⅱ、八旋翼机型Ⅲ)进行了升力特性指标的性能测试试验。试验结果表明:3种机型在功率载荷、重量效率、热效比等方面有较大差异,功率载荷最好的机型Ⅲ比最差的机型Ⅰ大7.6 m N/W,重量效率最好的机型Ⅰ比最差的机型Ⅱ大0.33,热效比最好的机型Ⅲ比最差的机型Ⅱ大10.5 N/℃,反映出3种机型在设计过程中整个动力系统效率、机型整体结构和材料选择上的差异,从而在整机作业性能上表现出差异。在上述指标测试的基础上,结合无人机动力系统数学模型,提出了运用功率载荷、重量效率和热效比进行电动多旋翼植保无人机升力特性综合评价的评分方法,对上述3种机型进行综合评分的结果为:机型Ⅲ机型Ⅰ机型Ⅱ,该结果表明所提出的评价方法能有效对不同类型电动多旋翼植保无人机的升力特性进行综合评判。该文所给出的测试与评价方法,不仅能用于电动多旋翼植保无人机性能的评测,还能为机型性能的进一步改进提供参考。     

基于无人机热红外图像的核桃园土壤水分预测模型建立与应用

为了解北方核桃园区的土壤水分状况,实现优化水资源配置的目的。该文于2016和2017年采用固定式热红外成像仪(A310 f)连续观测得到核桃主要生长季节午后(13:00和14:00)的冠层温度,并同步观测温度、湿度、辐射、风速、降雨量和0~80 cm不同土层深度的土壤体积含水量。并于2017年8月11日利用无人机热成像系统(TC640)对连续灌溉区域和干旱胁迫区域进行了图像采集。结果表明,40~60 cm土层深度可能是核桃树主要吸收水分的区域。冠层温度普遍高于空气温度,其变化范围在0~5℃之间,冠气温差与土壤含水量呈负相关,与太阳辐射呈正向关系,其中,土壤含水量的贡献值达到了75%。利用2017年13:00时的冠层与空气温差数据来建立的土壤水分预测模型,R2=0.64;同时,利用14:00时的实测数据对所建立模型进行验证,R2=0.61,表明该模型具有一定的拟合精度。最后,将模型用于诊断核桃区域水分状况,证明了其具有较好的实际应用效果。该研究首次将固定式热成像设备与无人机热成像系统相结合来研究树木的冠层温度,并成功实现了从理论模型到实际应用,从单株水平到区域尺度的转换。     

The decomposition of turfgrass clippings is fast at high air humidity and moderate temperature

Abstract

In grassland areas where herbage production has no economic value, the cut grass is often left on the sward surface where its decomposition is influenced by weather conditions. Although the influence of temperature and humidity on decomposition has been investigated under controlled lab conditions, experimentation has generally been under ideal moisture conditions that have not tested the combinations of climatic limitations that might occur in the field. The decomposition of mown turfgrass clippings deposited at different times of vegetation period was studied in situ using nylon bags during the first 8 weeks after deposition to investigate the effect of weather conditions (the air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation) on decomposition. Decomposition is the highest in the case of high air humidity and temperature of 10°C. Limiting factors for decomposition at temperatures above 10°C is the air humidity and below 10°C the air temperature. The general tendency was that the rate of decomposition increased with increasing air temperature up to 10°C, but with further increases of air temperature the decomposition rate slowed down. Relative air humidity had a variable impact (at the beginning of the decomposition process (weeks 1–2) the influence was negative, during weeks 3–8 of the decomposition process the effect was positive), and hence had no generalized relationship with decomposition over the studied decomposition period (weeks 1–8). The most significant influence of weather conditions on the decomposition rate was recorded directly after cutting. If the cutting was done during hot weather conditions, the material was drying fast and therefore decomposed slowly. Our results indicate that for fast decomposition of clippings it is important to maintain the freshness of material. Lower decomposition rates occurred during conditions of hot and dry weather, and also cooler (temperature near to 0°C) weather, and can be compensated as soon as favourable weather arrives.     

液压挖掘机自动控制系统的设计和实现

为了提高液压挖掘机操纵系统自动化程度,对WY1.5型液压挖掘机的液压系统进行电液比例控制改造,在不改变原手动操纵系统功能的基础上,增设一套自动操纵系统,基于移动车辆控制器编程实现对挖掘机的自动控制。对改造后的液压挖掘机自动控制操纵系统进行试验,结果表明改造后自动操纵系统能够完成手动操纵系统的全部控制功能,运行稳定。     

Carbon dioxide fluxes in corn-soybean rotation in the midwestern U.S.: Inter- and intra-annual variations, and biophysical controls

Quantifying carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems is critical for better understanding of global carbon cycling and observed changes in climate. This study examined year-round temporal variations of CO₂ fluxes in two biennial crop rotations during 4 year of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. We monitored CO₂ fluxes using eddy-covariance (EC) and soil chambers in adjacent production fields near Ames, Iowa. Under the non-limiting soil water availability conditions predominant in these fields, diel and seasonal variations of CO₂ fluxes were mostly controlled by ambient temperature and available light. Air temperature explained up to 81% of the variability of soil respiratory losses during fallow periods. In contrast, with full-developed canopies, available light was the main driver of daytime CO₂ uptake for both crops. Furthermore, a combined additive effect of both available light and temperature on enhanced CO₂ uptake was identified only for corn. Moreover, diurnal hysteresis of net CO₂ uptake with available light was also found for both crops with consistently greater CO₂ uptake in the mornings than afternoons perhaps primarily owing to delay in peak of soil respiration relative to the time of maximum plant photosynthesis. Annual cumulative CO₂ exchange was mainly determined by crop species with consistently greater net uptake for corn and near neutral exchange for soybean (−466 ± 38 and −13 ± 39 g C m⁻² year⁻¹). Concomitantly, within growing seasons, CO₂ sink periods were approximately 106 days for corn and 90 days for soybean, and peak rates of CO₂ uptake were roughly 1.7-fold higher for corn than soybean. Apparent changes in soil organic carbon estimated after accounting for grain carbon removal suggested soil carbon depletion following soybean years and neutral carbon balance for corn. Overall, results suggest changes in land use and cropping systems have a substantial impact on dynamics of CO₂ exchange.     

Modern forestry vehicles and their impacts on soil physical properties

“Close-to-nature forest stands” are one central key in the project “Future oriented Forest Management” financially supported by the German Ministry for Science and Research (BMBF). The determination of ecological as well as economical consequences of mechanized harvesting procedures during the transformation from pure spruce stands to close-to-nature mixed forest stands is one part of the “Southern Black Forest research cooperation”. Mechanical operations of several typical forest harvesting vehicles were analysed to examine the actual soil stresses and displacements in soil profiles and to reveal the changes in soil physical properties of the forest soils. Soil compaction stresses were determined by Stress State Transducer (SST) and displacement transducer system (DTS) at two depths: 20 and 40 cm. Complete harvesting and trunk logging processes accomplished during brief 9-min operations were observed at time resolutions of 20 readings per second. Maximum vertical stresses for all experiments always exceeded 200 kPa and at soil depths of 20 cm for some vehicles and sequences of harvesting operations approached ≥500 kPa. To evaluate the impacts of soil stresses on soil structure, internal soil strengths were determined by measuring precompression stresses. Precompression stress values of forest soils at the field sites ranged from 20 to 50 kPa at soil depths of 20 cm depth and from 25 to 60 kPa at soil depths of 40 cm, at a pore water pressure of −60 hPa. Data obtained for these measured soil stresses and their natural bearing capacities proved that sustainable wheeling is impossible, irrespective of the vehicle type and the working process. Re-occurring top and subsoil compaction, increases in precompression stress values in the various soil horizons, deep rut depths, vertical and horizontal soil displacements associated with shearing stresses, all affected the mechanical strengths of forest soils. In order to sustain naturally “unwheeled” soil areas with minimal compaction, it is recommended that smaller machines, having less mass, be used to complete forest harvesting in order to prevent or at least to maintain currently minimal-compacted forest soils. Additionally, if larger machines are required, permanent wheel and skid tracks must be established with the goal of their maximum usefulness for future forest operations. A first step towards accomplishing these permanent pathways requires comprehensive planning with the Federal State Baden-Württemberg. The new guideline for final opening with skid tracks (Landesforstverwaltung Baden-Württemberg, 2003) proposes a permanent skid track system with a width of 20–40 m.