Regeneration dynamics of a mixed Mediterranean pine forest in the absence of fire

The aim of this study is to determine the competing regeneration and expansion patterns of two co-occurring pine species (Pinus brutia, Pinus nigra ssp. pallasiana), in a transitional montane Mediterranean zone. We measured the regeneration density of all woody species in 102 randomly located stands along an altitudinal gradient on the island of Lesbos, Greece. Individuals of pines were assigned to different size classes. Topographic factors (altitude, aspect, and soil depth) and light availability (through hemispherical photographs) were measured for each stand. Statistical analyses were applied to explore the effect of each factor on recruitment density of the competing pine species, and to elucidate patterns of interaction. Canopy openness was the most important parameter controlling the recruitment of P. brutia, while the regeneration density of P. nigra was mainly related to canopy openness and heat load. An idiosyncratic response of the recruitment vigour of the two species was identified along gradients of shade and drought stress. The decline in P. nigra recruitment density with drought conditions underlines threats to its population maintenance even in the absence of fire. On the other hand P. brutia seems to be a stronger invader in transitional zones. The studied species could be considered typical representatives of the two most widely distributed pine functional types across the Mediterranean basin, and our results agree with the theoretical ability of such species to maintain and expand their populations.     

航空遥感技术在土地及农作物调查中的应用

应用彩红外航空遥感综合判读原理和数理统计成数抽样方法 ,对山西省运城地区的土地利用、农田种植结构、粮食产出及相关问题进行了调查、分析及评价 ,方法上突破了传统的转绘、成图、量算面积等繁杂的工序 ,调查内容上又较常规遥感土地利用调查更加广泛、深入 ,为各级领导进行农业生产决策提供了翔实的依据     

Detecting subsurface drainage systems and estimating drain spacing in intensively managed agricultural landscapes

Detailed location maps of tile drains in the Midwestern United States are generally not available, as the tile lines in these areas were laid more than 75 years ago. The objective of this study is to map individual tile drains and estimate drain spacing using a combination of GIS-based analysis of land cover, soil and topography data, and analysis of high resolution aerial photographs to within the Hoagland watershed in west-central Indiana. A decision tree classifier model was used to classify the watershed into potentially drained and undrained areas using land cover, soil drainage class, and surface slope data sets. After masking out the potential undrained areas from the aerial image, image processing techniques such as the first-difference horizontal and vertical edge enhance filters, and density slice classification were used to create a detailed tile location map of the watershed. Drain spacings in different parts of the watershed were estimated from the watershed tile line map. The decision tree identified 79% of the watershed as potential tile drained area while the image processing techniques predicted artificial subsurface drainage in approximately 50% of the Hoagland watershed. Drain spacing inferred from classified aerial image vary between 17 and 80 m. Comparison of estimated tile drained areas from aerial image analysis shows a close agreement with estimated tile drained areas from previous studies (50% versus 46% drained area) which were based on GIS analysis and National Resource Inventory survey. Due to lack of sufficient field data, the results from this analysis could not be validated with observed tile line locations. In general, the techniques used for mapping tile lines gave reasonable results and are useful to detect drainage extent from aerial image in large areas. These techniques, however, do not yield precise maps of the systems for individual fields and may not accurately estimate the extent of tile drainage in the presence of crop residue in agricultural fields and/or existence of other spatial features with similar spectral response as tile drains.     

不同生育期淹涝胁迫对杂交稻形态特征和产量的影响

以杂交晚稻湘丰优103为试材,在抽穗扬花期和乳熟期分别设计不同淹水深度及淹水时间的淹涝胁迫试验,通过测定淹水前后水稻绿叶数、气生根、倒伏状况、产量构成等因素的变化,分析不同生育期水稻对淹涝胁迫环境的敏感性。结果表明：（1）同一生育期相同淹水深度,不同生育期相同深度的淹涝处理,淹水时间与绿叶数变化量均呈极显著负相关关系。（2）同一生育期,产生气生根的茎的比率与淹水深度呈负相关关系,与淹水时间呈正相关关系;茎节越低,气生根现象越明显,抽穗扬花期气生根现象较乳熟期更明显。（3）抽穗扬花期发生的倒伏为茎倒伏,同一淹水深度,水稻植株的断茎百分率与淹涝时间呈极显著正相关关系。乳熟期发生的倒伏为根倒伏,淹水越深、淹水时间越长,根倒伏现象越明显。（4）产量结构方面,抽穗扬花期对淹涝胁迫较乳熟期更敏感,全淹5d以上,几乎绝收;乳熟期,淹水越深、淹水时间越长,对产量结构的影响越大。研究结果可为制定洪涝灾害对杂交稻致灾的评价标准,进行洪涝灾害致灾能力、致灾强度的鉴定提供理论依据。     

Feedbacks between fuel reduction and landscape homogenisation determine fire regimes in three Mediterranean areas

In densely populated areas like the Mediterranean, wildfire extent is mostly limited by fire suppression and fuel fragmentation. Fire is known to spread more easily through high fuel loads and homogenous terrain and it is supposed to reduce fuel amount and continuity, creating a negative feedback. Here we combine information from administration fire records, satellite imagery fire scars and land use/cover maps to asses the effects of fire on landscape structure and vice versa for three areas in Catalonia (NE Spain). We worked with three spatial focuses: the actual fire scar, 1 km² squares and 10 km² squares. In these regions agriculture land abandonment has lead to increased fuel continuity, paralleled by an increment of fire size. We confirm that fire spread is facilitated by land use/cover types with high fuel load and by homogeneous terrain and that fire reduces fuel load by transforming forests into shrublands. But we also found that fire increased landscape homogeneity, creating a positive feedback on fire propagation. We argue that this is possible in landscapes with finer grain than fire alone would create. The lack of discontinuities in the fuel bed diminishes the extinction capacity of fire brigades and increases the risk of large fires. We recommend that fire management should focus more on conservation of the traditional rural mosaic in order to prevent further increases in fuel continuity and fire risk.     

荣县飞机防治马尾松毛虫效果分析

2007年、2008年和2009年单独喷洒白僵菌平均防治效果分别为85.1%±3.0%、82.1%±3.6%、84.1%±2.2%,相互之间差异不显著(P0.05);2007年喷洒白僵菌和苦烟乳油混合制剂防治效果为94.4%±2.3%,防治效果极显著高于单独喷洒白僵菌(P0.01)。结果表明:白僵菌和苦烟乳油混合制剂防治马尾松毛虫高效、稳定、快速且持效期长。     

城乡交错带城市森林的景观格局研究——以上海市奉贤区为例

根据2006年上海市奉贤区航空彩红外遥感影像数据,利用GIS技术和景观格局分析软件Fragstats 3.3,分别从斑块组成、类型水平与景观水平分析了奉贤区城市森林的空间景观格局。结果表明：研究区域内城市森林斑块53 286个,面积10 135.6 hm2;按斑块数目来分以小型斑块为主,占总数的64.0%,按面积分以大型斑块为主,占总面积的57.6%。城市森林总体呈现绿地斑块分布不均衡,绿地结构不合理的现状。经济林所占面积最大,斑块聚集程度最高;绿地与林带的破碎化程度高,分布分散;整体景观多样性指数较适中,为7.25,斑块类型丰富;均匀度较高,达0.97;蔓延度指数为46.46,存在着由小斑块控制整个景观的现象。建议调整城市森林的空间布局与结构,提高大中型城市森林斑块,如绿地在城市森林中的比重。     

基于无人机的植被调查方法——以儋州市马鞍岭与海南大学儋州校区为例

近年来无人机相关技术的快速发展,加之其操作简便等优势,使其在诸多领域得到了广泛的应用。文章以海南大学儋州校区农科专业教学实践为例,探讨无人机在实践教学中的应用,利用无人机进行大范围植被调查,不但对提升教学实践效率与效果,更对植被保护,乃至探索无人机更多的应用场景具有重大意义。     

Estimation of yield zones using aerial images and yield data from a few tracks of a combine harvester

Yield maps derived from yield mapping systems are often erroneous not only due to limitations in measuring the yield precisely but due to insufficient consideration of the requirements of yield mapping systems in practice as well. Aerial images of cultivated crop fields at an advanced growth stage frequently provide a spatial pattern similar to that of yield maps. Therefore, the possibility of generating a yield map using aerial images and measured yield data of a few tracks was examined for a period of 2 years in two fields grown with cereals. Yield zones based on Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) values were compared with yield zones based on measured yield data of the whole field. About half of the grid cells of a field were allocated to the same yield zones irrespective of the mode of yield determination. Using the Kruskal–Wallis test, the data sub-sets of measured yield within the yield zones based on the VARI values differed significantly for all tested yield zones. As a result, the approach was successful in the case of these experimental sites.