运用航空描图技术对森林病虫害进行监测

本文介绍了航空描图技术在监测森林病虫害上的应用，具体阐明了飞行作业计划、飞行前准备、空中描图技术以及ＧＩＳ数据处理     

Crop productivity under differently lopped canopies of multipurpose trees in Central Himalaya, India

Ficus species are multipurpose trees well known by rural populations in Sahelian and Sudanian zones of Africa. Their uses are well documented but their amenability for vegetative propagation has not been extensively studied. This paper compares the rooting ability of stem and aerial root cuttings from thirteen Ficus species found in West Africa. It highlights the differences between species belonging to the sub-genera Sycomorus and Urostigma. The former show no capacity to propagate from cuttings whereas the latter, with epiphytic development, can be propagated by cuttings, although this capacity varies among species. Thus, F. thonningii, F. leprieurii and F. ovata are easily propagated, while F. platyphylla and F. elasticoides are propagated with difficulty. The rooting capacity also varies depending on the cutting material used. It decreases in the following order: long leafless hardwood cuttings (pole) > nodal cuttings > apical cuttings. Rooting potential increases when the cuttings are harvested towards the end of the dry season(March to May). Aerial root can be used for cuttings in all species of the sub-genus Urostigma. The capacity of root cuttings to regenerate is greatest when cuttings are collected at the beginning of the dry season (November). In this case, wound-induced adventitious roots arise at the basal end of the cutting while de novo buds are developed from the cambium at the distal end. The subsequent morphological development is identical to that of a stem cutting. These results clarify and allow the optimal use of the knowledge and methods developed by the indigenous people of the Sahel and could assist and promote fig tree (Ficus sp.) domestication in the dry tropics.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

连云港市花果山森林植被景观结构研究

以10 cm航空影像为数据源,以森林资源二类调查为基础,对连云港市花果山的森林植被景观结构进行分析。结果表明,研究区内麻栎树面积最大,分布最广泛;麻栎和松树是主要优势树种,乔木总面积占到研究区植被面积比例的70.75%,研究区植被结构较好。竹林（以金镶玉竹为主）和茶树是研究区内数量较多、分布较广且有区域特色的灌木;除2种主要灌木外,研究区还有大量混合生长的其他灌木,其面积总量和分布范围都仅次于麻栎树。研究区森林景观多样性指数较低,某些树种,如麻栎,景观优势度较大。森林景观以人工林为主,各种树种随机分布,形状受人工干扰较多。     

The impact of environmental change on the intensity and spatial pattern of water erosion in a semi-arid mountainous Andean environment

Aerial photographs taken in 1976 and 1989 and a field survey in 1999 showed that land use in a 900-ha catchment in the southern part of the Ecuadorian Andes is highly dynamic. Over 23 years, ca. 83 ha of arable land was abandoned and ca. 70 ha was taken into agricultural production. Changes in land use were not spatially homogeneous. Parcels on unstable geologic formations and close to village centres were preferably set-aside. Land taken into cultivation was preferably located on gently sloping areas close to newly built sites and arterial roads. The area with bush vegetation increased by regeneration of natural vegetation on fields set-aside in the late 1970s and early 1980s. There was a complex interaction between water erosion and environmental change in the study area. Land taken into production was levelled for furrow irrigation: this led to a net reduction in the area susceptible to water erosion. However, one quarter of the area affected only by sheet and rill erosion 23 years ago has since become incised by deep gullies. This increase in gully density was related to inadequate construction and management of irrigation infrastructure, rather than to change in vegetation cover and/or soil erodibility caused by agricultural practices. This factor is often overlooked in studies of the effects of environmental change on geomorphologic processes.     

Dynamic relationships between soil properties and foliar disease as affected by annual additions of organic amendment to a sandy-soil vegetable production system

Additions of organic amendments to agricultural soils can lead to improved soil quality and reduced severity of crop diseases. However, the relationship between disease severity and soil properties as affected by repeated additions of these amendments is poorly understood. The primary objectives of this study were to (i) resolve multivariate relationships between soil properties and foliar disease severity and (ii) identify soil properties that contribute to disease severity in an intensive irrigated vegetable production system receiving annual additions of fresh and composted paper mill residuals (PMR). Foliar diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on snap bean (bacterial brown spot) and P. s. pv. lachrymans on cucumber (angular leaf spot) are the focus of this report. The experiment consisted of a 3-year crop rotation of potato (1998 and 2001), snap bean (1999 and 2002), and cucumber (2000). Treatments included a non-amended fertilizer control and two rates of fresh PMR, PMR composted alone (PMRC), and PMR composted with bark (PMRB). Soil measures included total soil carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN), particulate organic matter carbon (POMC) and nitrogen (POMN), volumetric soil moisture (VM) and in situ NO₃-N. Multiple regression (MR) and principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to identify key soil properties that influenced the amount of disease. On average, the amount of TC in plots amended with PMR composts increased 77-178% from 1999 to 2002 compared to the non-amended soils. In 1999, a year in which compost additions reduced the amount of bacterial brown spot of bean, TC explained 42% of the total variation in disease severity in the best MR model. Midseason TN alone was inversely related to angular leaf spot incidence in 2000, while POMN explained 51% of the variation in the best MR model for that year. In 2002, a year in which PMRC-amended soils exacerbated brown spot symptoms, midseason quantities of TN explained 80% of the variation in disease severity. Unique to 2002, NO₃-N alone positively correlated with disease severity. Overall, the influence of soil carbon on disease severity was displaced by the increasing importance of TN and NO₃-N, indicating a transition from a C-dependent to an N-dependent system.     

Short and medium-term evolution of a coastal sector in Cadiz,SW Spain

The present paper is a combined study on the medium and short-term evolution of the littoral between Chipiona and Rota (SW Spain). The analysis of coastal evolution over a period of 24 years (i.e. medium-term), was carried out using six, well temporally spaced, photogrammetric flights. Cliff top and dune toe were used as shoreline indicators to solve problems related to the use of watermark in tidal environments. Short-term littoral variations were monitored monthly by means of an electronic theodolite over a period of 2 years. The width variations of the dry beach were surveyed by always using a constant, average value for the mean sea level position derived from the numerous surveys carried out. The obtained data was representative of both seasonal and annual variations.     

航测在南方森林采伐中的应用

<正>一 引言 森林采伐,首先要进行生产工艺和工程设计,由于这项工作大部分在野外进行,作业范围大,特别是南方山地林区地形复杂,导致外业工作量大,效率低。因此,我们尝试利用航测技术来解决。利用它把大量的外业工作移至室内进行,节省人力、物力,并能提高工作效率和工艺设计精度。同时航片上所反映的信息很多,借助一定的仪器设备进行立体观察,分析,测量和比较,这样在进行生产工艺和工程设计时,便于综合考虑多种影响因素,从而保证所选择的工艺方案经济上合理,技术上先进可行。由此可见利用航测技术进行森林采伐工艺设计,对改善作业条件,提高劳动效率,作业精度,以及提高林业现代化水平都具有重要意义。为此,我们就应用航测技术进行工艺设计做了些试验,探讨其可行性及适用程度。然而本文仅是最初的探讨,有些问题还有待于讲一步解决与完善。     

基于CCD拼接的航空相机小波自动调焦方法研究

为精确地进行航空相机调焦,获取高清晰度的航空影像,结合CCD拼接的特点,提出一种新的航空相机调焦方法,便于航空成像设备进行自动调焦。考虑人类视觉系统的特点设置权值,利用图像的小波分解系数构造清晰度评价函数;分析小波基函数的性质,对不同频率成分的影像进行清晰度评价,从而使评价函数对图像的变化具有适应性,通过比较得出了利用symlet2小波进行3层分解获得的评价函数的效果最佳。为了提高清晰度评价函数的灵敏度,选取了细节丰富的区域作为评价区域,详细地阐述了航空相机利用CCD拼接结构的特点进行调焦的算法实现过程。试验证明,该方法获得的评价函数比传统的小波方法灵敏度高,可以满足航空相机的需要,大大提高了地物目标的识别和提取的精度。     

用遥感及实测回归估计森林蓄积量

为了研究探讨新的森调技术方法，利用双重回归抽样技术，对全覆盖小比例尺和带状摄影大比例尺睛分别进行了林分的连续和数量化判读量测。通过结合少量实测样地，进行蓄积量的多重回归相关分析。     

丹参地上部分正丁醇萃取部位化学成分检测及其抗脑缺血研究

筛选丹参地上部分抗脑缺血的活性部位,并检测其所含化学成分,对丹参的开发和利用具有重要意义。采用D101大孔吸附树脂吸附丹参地上部分正丁醇萃取部位,将其分离纯化为多个部位。以昆明小鼠常压缺氧模型和不完全性脑缺血模型筛选有效部位;将筛选出的活性部位再用聚酰胺柱分离为不同部位,选用上述模型进行活性部位筛选;并用高效液相检测筛选的活性部位所含化学成分。结果表明:D-101大孔树脂经体积分数为50%和75%乙醇洗脱部位能显著增加小鼠常压耐缺氧时间,延长小鼠全脑缺血后的存活时间(P0.01);聚酰胺柱分离后的水洗部位可显著增加小鼠常压耐缺氧时间和小鼠全脑缺血后的存活时间(P0.01);高效液相检测聚酰胺柱分离的水洗部位含有原儿茶醛、咖啡酸、丹参素。丹参地上部分正丁醇萃取部位聚酰胺柱分离的水洗部位为有效部位,检测出有效成分为原儿茶醛、咖啡酸、丹参素。