生物炭及其在稻田尾水净化中的应用研究进展

保障水稻稳定增产事关国家粮食安全。水中的农药、化肥、重金属等物质随稻田尾水流出,排入周边水域,易造成水体面源污染。生物炭具有原材料丰富、孔隙结构发达、比表面积大、离子交换能力强、成本效益高等优势,已被广泛应用于环境修复领域。生物炭经适当改性能增加吸附活性位,提高吸附性能。在促沉净化材料中添加生物炭或生物炭基材料,可增强稻田面源污染促沉净化装置效能,提高稻田尾水利用率,助推农业绿色发展。本文介绍了稻田尾水的特点、常见处理技术及治理意义,阐述了生物炭及生物炭基材料在稻田尾水净化中的应用,展望了稻田尾水防治工作待深入开展的方向,并提出了生物炭材料在参与废水处理上存在的问题,以期为促进生态循环农业发展提供参考。     

Magnetically modified spent grain for dye removal

Spent grain, the major by-product of the brewing industry, was magnetically modified by contact with water-based magnetic fluid. The prepared material has been used as a new inexpensive magnetic adsorbent for the removal of water-soluble dyes. The dye adsorption could be described both with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacities reached the value up to 72.4 mg of dye (Bismarck brown Y) per g of dried magnetically modified spent grain.     

淀粉基复合材料的制备及其对铅离子吸附性能的研究

[目的]探讨淀粉基复合材料St—g-AA／MMT对水溶液中Pb^2＋的去除效果。[方法]以淀粉、丙烯酸和蒙脱土为原料制备淀粉接枝丙烯酸／蒙脱土复合材料（St—g-AA／MMT）,研究St—g-AA／MMT对水溶液中Pb^2＋的去除效果。[结果]FTIR和XRD研究表明,蒙脱土被完全剥离并均匀分散于淀粉接枝丙烯酸的网络结构中。常温下,水溶液中pb^2＋浓度为4mmol／L,pH值为5．74,加入St—g-AA／MMT0．17g／L,振荡20min．Pb^2＋的去除率可高达95％,去除效果最佳。准二级动力学方程最适合描述Pb2’在St-g-AA／MMT上的吸附动力学过程,其线性回归系数大于0．999,且通过模型计算所得的平衡吸附量与实验结果（720mg／g）非常接近。St—g-AA／MMT对水溶液中Pb^2＋的吸附等温线符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。[结论]St—g．AA／MMT对水溶液中的重金属离子具有较好的去除效果。     

多胺交联纤维素树脂的合成及吸附性能(Ⅺ)——天然高分子吸附剂研究

报道了多乙烯多胺交联的纤维素树脂的合成及其对若干重金属离子的静态吸附性能和吸附机理。研究结果表明，该树脂能有效地吸附Ｃｕ２＋、Ｎｉ２＋、Ｃｏ２＋、Ｚｎ２＋、Ｐｂ２＋，其吸附量可分别达１．２８，１．２４，０．５８，０．６６和０．９９ｍｍｏｌ／ｇ。在ＨＯＡｃ－ＮａＯＡｃ缓冲溶液中可选择吸附Ｃｕ２＋、Ｎｉ２＋等离子而不吸附Ｐｂ２＋。     

太阳能制冷低温储粮应用效果初探

从降低机械压缩式制冷低温储粮能耗及运行成本的角度出发,设计、建造了一台太阳能吸附式制冷系统,并将该系统在高温季节进行了低温储粮的实仓实验。测试结果表明:在夏秋高温季节,采用太阳能制冷系统冷却粮仓上部空气隔离层,可有效降低仓温,抑制粮温回升,实现准低温储粮。经济性分析表明太阳能制冷系统用于低温储粮的运行成本明显低于压缩式制冷谷物冷却机。     

The release of silicon from amorphous silica and rice straw in Sri Lankan soils

Silicon release from rice straw and amorphous silica when shaken in solution with five Sri Lankan soils was studied indirectly using sorption isotherms and changes in concentration and directly using straw in dialysis bags examined using electron microscopy. The aim was to further our understanding of the processes and factors affecting the release of straw-Si in soils and its availability to rice. The soils (alfisols and ultisols) shaken with 0.1 M NaCl (5 g per 125 mL for 250 days) produced concentrations of 1–4 mg L⁻¹ of monosilicic acid-Si. Amorphous silica added to these suspensions (36.5 mg, containing 17 mg Si) raised the concentrations to 20–40 mg L⁻¹, and added rice straw (0.5 g, containing 17 mg Si) gave 10–25 mg L⁻¹. Sorption isotherms (7 days equilibrations) were used to calculate from the concentrations the amounts of Si released (24–38% and 8–21%, respectively). Both materials gave about 40 mg L⁻¹ of monosilicic acid-Si plus 30 mg L⁻¹ of disilicic acid-Si when shaken in solution alone (5 g per 125 mL). Straw in dialysis bags (0.5 g per 25 mL in 0.1 M NaCl) was shaken in soil suspension (5 g per 100 mL) for 60 days. Similar concentrations and releases were measured to those obtained above. About one fifth of the mass of straw was lost by decomposition in the first 15 days. A chloroform treatment prevented decomposition, but Si release was unaffected. Disintegration continued throughout the experiments, with phytoliths being exposed and dissolved. Compared to the rate of release from straw into solution without soil, the release of Si into soil suspensions was increased during the first 20 days by adsorption on the soil, but was then reduced probably through the effect of Fe and Al on the phytolith surfaces. The extent of this blocking effect varied between soils and was not simply related to soil pH.     

多菌灵在土壤中的吸附与移动性

采用模拟试验的方法，研究了多菌灵在不同土壤中的吸附和移动。结果表明：多菌灵在砂壤土、粘壤土中的吸附符合Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ等温方程，分别为３．１８６４Ｃ１．６１１９和９．０９４９１．４１７９，多菌灵在不同土壤中的淋溶移动速度是砂壤土＞粘壤土＞壤粘土。     

含锰废水的粉煤灰处理

为解决含锰工业废水对环境、土壤及生物带来的危害,研究采用热电厂废弃物粉煤灰作为吸附剂,希望能找到最佳吸附条件,同时为粉煤灰的综合利用提供更多机会;采用EDTA滴定法,对含锰废液进行了吸附研究,模拟测定了影响粉煤灰吸附特性的几种因素:重金属离子浓度、吸附时间、粉煤灰颗粒度以及待吸附液的pH等;结果表明:在其它条件相同的情况下,随着废液Mn2 浓度的增大,去除率逐渐降低;在吸附中60min为最佳震荡时间;随着粉煤灰粒度的减小,去除率增加;pH值应控制在中性偏碱性(pH值约为8.0最好)范围;可见,采用粉煤灰吸附含锰工业废水在适当工艺条件下可以有很好的处理效果,这种方法较简便,成本低廉,能达到以废治废的目的。     

板齿摘脱滚筒的核心功能——吸附作用的理论研究

从观察现象出发,经理论分析旋转气流所产生的使茎秆、穗头向滚筒贴附的作用,揭示了该作用与板齿结构和运动参数间的关系,并对环流流场的流速、压头的形成亦进行了分析。实验测定结果,基本验证了这些关系