Growth and interactions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils from limestone and acid rock habitats

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) development in different soil types, and the influence of AM fungal hyphae on their original soil were investigated. Plantago lanceolata, which can grow in soils of a very wide pH range, was grown in two closely related limestone soils and an acid soil from rock habitats. Plants were colonised by the indigenous AM fungal community. The use of compartmented systems allowed us to compare soil with and without mycorrhizal hyphae. Root colonisation of P. lanceolata was markedly higher in the limestone soils (30-60%) than in the acid soil (5-20%), both in the original habitat and in the experimental study. Growth of extraradical AM fungal hyphae was detected in the limestone soils, but not in the acid soil, using the signature fatty acid 16:1ω5 as biomass indicator. Analysis of signature fatty acids demonstrated an increased microbial biomass in the presence of AM fungal hyphae as judged for example from an increased amount of NLFA 16:0 with 30 nmol g⁻¹ in one of the limestone soils. Bacterial activity, but not soil phosphatase activity, was increased by around 25% in the presence of mycorrhizal hyphae in the first harvest of limestone soils. AM fungal hyphae can thus stimulate microorganisms. However, no effect of AM hyphae was observed on the soil pH or organic matter content in the limestone soils and the available P was not depleted.     

Study the Effects of Siderophore-Producing Bacteria on Zinc and Phosphorous Nutrition of Canola and Maize Plants

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are soil bacteria that are able to colonize rhizosphere and to enhance plant growth by means of a wide variety of mechanisms. In the present study, Myristica yunnanensis and Stenotrophomonas chelatiphaga strains were recognized as new records in Iran flora. According to the results, these strains significantly affected plants’ zinc and phosphorous contents which could be due to the production of phytosiderophore. Siderophore-producing bacteria increased canola zinc (Zn) content as strategy-I plant, while in maize, it can be said that probably the effect of phytosiderophore produced by plant on increasing root and shoot Zn content was more than siderophore produced by bacteria. These isolates could be used as bio-input for improving the plant productivity as a substitute to chemical fertilizers and also to correct the nutrient deficiencies in canola and maize for sustainable agriculture.     

百草枯对土壤微生物影响的研究

研究了5种不同浓度百草枯对土壤微生物种群数量及土壤中细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率的影响。结果表明,百草枯对土壤微生物的种群数量及土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌生长速率均具有一定的抑制作用,且随药剂浓度升高逐渐增强。加药后2～7d,对细菌种群抑制率为13.3%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0.07～0.93cm;对放线菌种群抑制率为8.6%～100%,抑菌圈直径达0～3.00cm;对真菌种群抑制率为7.6%～100%,生长速率的抑制率达1.4%～77.3%。抑制作用随加药时间延长又逐渐减弱。     

不同土地利用方式对三峡库区消落带土壤细菌和真菌多样性的影响

  目的  明确不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土细菌和真菌群落特征,为古红土健康评价提供重要的生物性状数据,并为古红土资源的合理利用和科学管理提供指导。  方法  以疏林荒草地、荒草地、林地、耕地第四纪古红土和附近处于同一地层的埋藏第四纪古红土为研究对象,并以埋藏古红土作为对照组,利用高通量测序技术对不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土细菌和真菌群落的丰富度、多样性和群落组成的变化进行分析,结合古红土理化性状,系统揭示不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土细菌和真菌的群落特征。  结果  ①不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土间微生物α 多样性指数存在显著差异,较埋藏古红土,疏林荒草地、荒草地、林地和耕地古红土的细菌丰富度指数和多样性指数以及真菌的丰富度指数均显著增加,耕地的真菌多样性指数显著降低。②埋藏古红土出露地表后不同利用方式下第四纪古红土细菌和真菌优势菌群的相对丰度发生显著变化。较埋藏古红土,其他不同土地利用方式下古红土中变形菌门的相对丰度均显著降低,酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度均显著增加;疏林荒草地、荒草地和林地的子囊菌门的相对丰度显著降低,疏林荒草地和耕地的担子菌门的相对丰度显著增加,林地的被孢霉门的相对丰度显著增加。③古红土细菌和真菌群落的主坐标分析以及层次聚类分析显示,不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土细菌和真菌群落结构发生变化,其中,荒草地与林地的群落结构最为相近。  结论  埋藏古红土出露地表后不同土地利用方式下第四纪古红土细菌和真菌丰富度、多样性以及群落组成都发生显著变化。研究结果可为开展古红土健康状况评价提供重要的生物性状数据,并为科学地管理与利用古红土资源奠定基础。     

山羊过食玉米后瘤胃乳酸与几种乳酸产生菌和利用菌的关系

为探讨瘤胃酸中毒中瘤胃乳酸与瘤胃菌群的关系,对8只实验性过食玉米山羊瘤胃中乳酸、牛链球菌、乳酸杆茵、韦荣氏球菌以及消化链球菌进行了检测,结果表明:乳酸与牛链球菌、乳酸杆菌呈正相关,与韦荣氏球菌、消化链球菌呈负相关,且与此四种茵有一定的回归关系。     

A prospective study of canine infective endocarditis in northern California (1999-2001): emergence of Bartonella as a prevalent etiologic agent

A prospective study was performed (June 1999 to May 2001) to determine the incidence of infective endocarditis (IE) due to Bartonella in dogs in northern California and to compare these patients with other dogs with IE. IE was diagnosed antemortem based on clinical signs and echocardiography in 18 dogs. The etiologic agent was Bartonella sp. in 5 dogs (28%) and was diagnosed by high seroreactivity to Bartonella (titer > 1:512; range, 1:1,024-1:4,096); and confirmed postmortem by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) from the infected valve and partial DNA sequencing of the citrate synthase gene (glt A). Conventional bacteria were causative agents in 7 dogs (39%). An etiologic agent was not identified in 6 dogs (33%). Bartonella vinsonii berkhoffii (n = 3), B clarridgeiae (n = 1), and a B clarridgeiae-like organism (n = 1) were identified. Blood culture was positive only for the IE case due to B clarridgeiae. All dogs with IE due to Bartonella were also seroreactive to Anaplasma phagocytophilum. All dogs with IE due to Bartonella had lesions only on the aortic valve. Of the cases of IE not due to Bartonella, 31% involved the aortic valve, 61% the mitral valve, and 8% both valves. Dogs with mitral valve IE lived longer than all dogs with aortic valve IE (P = .004) and dogs with IE of the aortic valve due to Bartonella (P = .002). In conclusion, Bartonella is a common cause of IE in dogs of northern California. A high Bartonella serologic titer (> 1:512) is useful antemortem to diagnose aortic valve IE due to Bartonella.     

Changes in the succession and diversity of protozoan and microbial populations in soil spiked with a range of copper concentrations

We studied microbial and protozoan activity, diversity and abundance as affected by Cu²⁺ amendments ranging from 0 to 1000 μg g⁻¹ over a 70-day period. At the end of the experiment the microbial population size, as indicated by substrate-induced respiration, had normalized for all Cu²⁺ concentrations, but 1000 μg g⁻¹. Protozoan abundance was negatively affected by Cu²⁺, although, only in the first few weeks. A more detailed analysis of the individual components that make up the microbial and micro-faunal populations (phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile and protozoan morphotypes), however, yielded a somewhat more complex picture. For the three highest Cu²⁺ amendments (160, 400 and 1000 μg g⁻¹), there still was a significant reduction in number of differentiable protozoan morphotypes. The bacterial PLFA pattern suggested a shift from Gram-negative towards Gram-positive bacteria for the high amendments, a process where protozoan grazing most likely played a significant role. The ratio of the trans/cis isomers of the 16:1ω7 fatty acid indicated that Cu²⁺, even at low and medium concentrations, induced physiological changes in the microbial population. The relatively slight changes in total microbial and micro-faunal abundance and activity, also at the highest Cu²⁺ concentrations, probably reflected the ability of the community to compensate for loss of taxa by functional substitution.     

Bacterial diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) rhizosphere in response to salinity, soil pH, and boron

Soil salinity is a major factor relating microbial communities to environmental stress in the microbial selection process as stress can reduce bacterial diversity. In the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California, the problem of increasing salinity and consequently, decreasing crop productivity, due to reuse of saline drainage water are major concerns. An experiment was conducted in a closed, recirculating volumetric lysimeter system (VLS) consisting of 24 experimental plant growth units to determine the interactive effects of salinity, boron and pH on rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere microbial composition of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Seminis Turbo hybrid). Plants in the VLS were irrigated from individual reservoirs containing a modified half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution combined with salinity, boron (B), and pH treatments. The results indicated that salinity and pH were the most influential factors affecting the growth of plants and the effect of boron on the plant was more severe under slightly acidic conditions. Total bacterial DNA was extracted from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere samples, and a 236-bp DNA fragment in the V3 region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of eubacteria was amplified. The 16S rRNA and the products were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing. Analyses of bacterial diversity showed that the effects of salinity, boron, and pH were more severe on the rhizosphere bacterial population during the first week of growing cucumber, with decreasing impacts with plant growth. However, there was no salinity-B-pH interaction effects on plant biomass, but the effects were seen in the number of heterotrophic bacteria in the rhizosphere and on species richness and diversity during week seven of the study. These suggest that the effects of salinity-B-pH interactions may influence microorganisms first before plants and may pose long term effects on soil quality.     

响应曲面法在枯草芽孢杆菌优化培养中的应用

基于Plackett-Burman设计及结果,采用响应曲面法研究了影响枯草芽孢杆菌生长的关键因素和最佳水平.结果表明,当牛肉膏为7.3 g/L,蛋白胨为7.1 g/L,温度33.5 ℃,pH值6.1时,菌体生长量最大.进而分析2因素间交互作用的等高线图表明:牛肉膏5.7～8.0g/L,蛋白胨5.2～8.0 g/L,温度33～34 ℃,pH值5.4～6.8时,可得到较高的菌体量.