辣椒内生菌的分离及拮抗菌的筛选与鉴定

用稀释分离法从健康辣椒植株的茎、叶、果肉中共分离得到植物内生菌88株,其中细菌有65株,真菌有21株,放线菌2株。用平板对峙法从中筛选出内生菌003和X两株对辣椒疫霉病菌、辣椒绿霉病菌、辣椒炭疽病菌3种病原菌具有明显拮抗作用的菌株,得出抑制率为34.80%～48.0%。根据菌株形态、生理生化特性对菌株003和菌株X进行了初步鉴定,结果显示菌株003和菌株X都为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。     

溶藻细菌W-04的筛选及溶藻效果初探

利用筛选果胶分解菌的培养基从滇池水样中筛选到的1株能利用果胶作为唯一碳源的红色细菌（编号为W-04）,将它与铜绿微囊藻（M. aeruginosa Kütz）共培养,发现藻细胞数量与加入的菌液及无菌滤液的量呈负相关关系,菌藻液体（带菌或无菌滤液）体积比为10/100的试验组藻细胞第8天时残存数为0,连续培养30天叶绿素测定结果为0,经显微观察藻细胞数也为0,表明藻体包括叶绿素已完全降解,无再度繁殖能力.     

干热处理对萝卜种带真菌、细菌防治效果的研究

1995年进行了萝卜种子干热处理的研究，通过玻板直立发芽法、测定种子生活力；吸湿培养法测定发芽势与发芽率；琼脂平皿试验法测定杀菌效果。结果表明：76℃干热处理对萝卜种带真、细菌有明显的杀灭效果，对萝卜种子的发芽势、发芽率没有影响，对萝卜种子生活力影响甚小。     

Fungal/bacterial ratios in grasslands with contrasting nitrogen management

It is frequently hypothesised that high soil fungal/bacterial ratios are indicative for more sustainable agricultural systems. Increased F/B ratios have been reported in extensively managed grasslands. To determine the shifts in fungal/bacterial biomass ratio as influenced by grassland management and to find relations with nitrogen leaching potential, we sampled a two-year-old field experiment at an organic experimental farm in the eastern part of The Netherlands. The effect of crop (grass and grass-clover), N application rate (0, 40, 80, ) and manure type (no manure, farm yard manure and slurry) on the F/B ratio within three growing seasons was tested, as well as relations with soil and crop characteristics, nitrate leaching and partial N balance. Biomass of fungi and bacteria was calculated after direct counts using epifluorescence microscopy. Fungal and bacterial biomass and the F/B ratio were higher in grass than in grass-clover. The F/B ratio decreased with increasing N application rate and multiple regression analysis revealed a negative relationship with pH. Bacterial activity (measured as incorporation of [³H]thymidine and [¹⁴C]leucine into bacterial DNA and proteins) showed the exact opposite: an increase with N application rate and pH. Leaching increased with N application rate and was higher in grass-clover than in grass. Partial N balance was more positive at a higher N application rate and showed an inverse relationship with fungal biomass and F/B ratio. We conclude that the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio quickly responded to changes in management. Grasslands with higher N input showed lower F/B ratios. Grass-clover had a smaller fungal biomass and higher N leaching than grass. In general, a higher fungal biomass indicated a lower nitrogen leaching and a more negative partial N balance (or smaller N surplus), but more observations are needed to confirm the relationship between F/B ratio and sustainability.     

从化感水稻根际土壤中筛选抑草细菌的研究

从化感水稻PI312777根际土壤中筛选具有抑草作用的细菌,为开发抑草微生物资源提供科学依据。以稀释涂布平板法筛选菌株,以莴苣、稗草为受体,实验室生物测试和盆栽试验相结合,确定候选菌株的抑草活性。实验室生物测试结果表明,有2个菌株Z1和Z2的发酵液对莴苣具有强抑制作用,且对稗草根长的抑制率为50%~60%,株高的抑制率为40%~50%。盆栽试验结果表明,Z1和Z2的发酵液对稗草根长的抑制率分别为28.1%和27.0%,株高的抑制率分别为8.85%和4.48%。菌株发酵液对3种水稻的根长有促进作用,对株高没有影响或小的抑制作用（抑制率3%）。结果表明水稻化感抑草作用与根际微生物有关,暗示从化感水稻根际土壤中筛选抑草细菌是一个可行的思路。     

Assessment of groundwater quality and its variations in the capture zone of a pumping well in an agricultural area

Agricultural activities are frequently associated with water contamination. The spreading and storage of fertilizers, for instance, may result in groundwater contamination due to pollutants leaching into an aquifer. Nitrates and fecal bacteria are two important contaminants associated with agriculture. Thus, the development of efficient strategies for groundwater protection in agricultural areas requires an assessment of these two contaminants. Given this perspective, groundwater quality monitoring was carried out over the whole capture zone of a municipal well located in an agricultural area in the St.-Lawrence Lowlands in Québec. Thirty-eight piezometers were installed within the roughly 2 km² capture area of the well to measure physico-chemical parameters such as major ions, field measured parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, water level, temperature), and isotopic ratios, bacteriological parameters (Heterotrophic Plate Count—HPC, enterococci, total coliforms, Escherichia coli) and their variations in space and time. Groundwater was sampled from the pumping well and the piezometers during 25 field campaigns in 2005, 2006 and 2007. The results demonstrate the impact of agricultural activities on nitrate contamination. They indicate high spatial and temporal variations in nitrate concentrations, from 6 to 125 mgNO₃⁻/L within the capture area, with 40% of the samples exceeding the Québec drinking water limit of 45 mgNO₃⁻/L. Nitrate pollution in the municipal well exceeded 45 mgNO₃⁻/L during 2005, but no bacteriological contamination was observed. The results also show a high variability of nitrate concentration with depth within the capture zone. Electrical conductivity appears as a good indicator of the presence of nitrate and calcium ions in this capture zone. Correlations between nitrate, calcium and chloride suggest that these ions come from the same source of fertilizer. Nitrate isotopic composition suggests that nitrate in groundwater originates from both chemical and organic fertilizers. The bacteriological results show that the extracted volume of water during sampling of a piezometer has a significant impact on the bacteria count. The variability of bacteriological pollution is important in space and time, showing a higher contamination during summer. Only 2% of the raw water samples exhibit contamination exceeding the drinking water standard for treated water. Total coliforms seem to be a good precursor of E. coli or enterococci contamination. Globally, the physico-chemical and bacteriological groundwater quality within the studied capture area and the pumping well shows contamination by nitrates, but low contamination levels by fecal bacteria.     

Efficacy of constructed wetlands for removal of bacterial contamination from agricultural return flows

Water quality degradation from bacterial pathogens is one of the leading causes of surface water impairment in California agricultural watersheds. In the San Joaquin Valley, approximately 50 and 100% of water samples collected from three different irrigation return flows exceeded the Escherichia coli standard of 126 cfu 100 mL⁻¹ and the enterococci standard of 33 cfu 100 mL⁻¹, respectively, as required for water discharge into state waterways. These results show that runoff from irrigated crops can contribute a significant load of bacteria indicators and potentially pathogenic microorganisms to waterways. Constructed wetlands are gaining recognition as a management practice for use in irrigated agriculture to reduce bacterial loads and a wide variety of water quality contaminants in agricultural return flows prior to discharge into waterways. Based on input-output sampling of four wetlands, 66-91% of E. coli concentrations and 86-94% of enterococci concentrations were retained in the wetlands. Removal efficiencies in terms of bacteria load were even higher, 80-87% and 88-97% for E. coli and enterococci, respectively, due to water losses (seepage and evapotranspiration) within the wetland. Of all the parameters considered, hydraulic residence time (HRT) appeared to be the factor having the greatest effect on the efficiency of bacteria indicator removal. Remarkably, a HRT of less than a day can achieve considerable bacteria indicator retention (∼70%), which allows for relatively small wetland areas being able to treat runoff from large agricultural areas (up to 360:1 in this study).     

参与水体循环的微生物群落研究

首先,分析了微生物在水体物质转化与循环中的作用,主要介绍了细菌在碳、氮、磷、硫循环中的作用;然后,探讨了微生物在水污染治理中的应用,如净化水体,作为环境污染指示生物;最后,介绍了水体微生物群落的研究方法,包括传统方法、现代分子生物学方法以及其他新的方法,并对今后微生物的研究方向进行展望。     

海岸盐沼湿地细菌抗真菌活性研究

为了开发对植物病原真菌生长有抑制作用的药源微生物,本实验采用平板稀释法从江苏大丰盐沼湿地土壤中分离微生物,并通过菌丝块法检测这些微生物代谢产物对5种植物病原真菌生长的抑制活性,进而利用柱层析分析其活性成分;结果共分离得到235株细菌,其中好氧细菌92株,厌氧细菌143株;体外活性测试结果显示有65株至少对1种测试植物病原真菌的抑制率在30%以上,其中好氧菌39株,厌氧菌26株。从好氧和厌氧菌株中分别选取3株和1株具有不同抗菌类型的菌株进行大批发酵,用不同的方法对发酵液吸附,分离和纯化,获得抗真菌活性组分。可见,海岸盐沼湿地土壤中蕴涵着大量的细菌种群,约有28%的细菌菌株能够产生抗真菌活性物质,其中Y6、Y156和Y96的抗真菌活性物质极性较大,值得进一步开发。     

土壤拮抗细菌对油菜菌核病菌的抑制作用研究

采用平板对峙培养法测定细菌CHB101对油菜菌核病菌的抑菌效果，结果表明，CHB101对菌核菌的生长具有明显抑制作用，抑菌带宽为1.12cm。显微观察发现，被抑制菌核菌菌丝壁溃解、细胞质浓缩和外渗的现象，菌丝侧面形成小型分生孢子。在WA平板上，可抑制病菌菌核萌发，随CHB101菌量提高对病菌菌核萌发的抑制作用递增，但培养滤液对菌核菌菌丝生长无明显抑制作用。