Fungal biomass in pastures increases with age and reduced N input

Previous studies have shown that soil fungal biomass increases towards more natural, mature systems. Shifts to a fungal-based soil food web have previously been observed with abandonment of agricultural fields and extensification of agriculture. In a previous field experiment we found increased fungal biomass with reduced N fertilisation. Here, we explore relationships between fungi, bacteria, N input and grassland age on real dairy farms in the Netherlands. We hypothesised that also in pastures that are still in production there is a negative relationship between fungal biomass and fertilisation, and that fungal biomass increases with grassland age in pastures that are still in production. We expected the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio to show the same responses, as this ratio has often been used as an indicator for management changes. We sampled 48 pastures from eight organic dairy farms. Sites differed in age and fertilisation rate. We determined fungal and bacterial biomass, as well as ergosterol (a fungal biomarker). Fungal and bacterial biomass and ergosterol, showed a negative relationship with N application rate, and correlated positively with organic matter percentage. In old pastures, fungal biomass and ergosterol were higher than in younger pastures. Because bacterial biomass responded in the same way as fungal biomass, the F/B ratio remained constant, and can therefore—in our data set—not be used as an indicator for changing management. We conclude that the changes in fungal and bacterial biomass were driven by changes in organic matter quality and quantity. The negative relationship we found between N application rate and fungal biomass adds to earlier work and confirms the presence of this relationship in pastures with relatively small differences in management intensities. Earlier studies on shifts in fungal biomass focused on ex-agricultural fields or restoration projects. Here we show that fungal biomass is also higher in older agricultural pastures.     

冀北水稻田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性研究

为探讨冀北水稻田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,以承德地区水稻主产区（河北隆化,河北滦平）稻田土壤为试验材料,采用高通量测序技术,对水稻大田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性进行研究。结果表明：不同地区水稻田土壤微生物多样性存在差异,其中样本ZYY.CKD9中微生物多样性最高且有益菌较多,主要有硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）、拟衣藻属（Dechloromonas）和地杆菌属（Geobacter）;但也存在共有细菌菌群,如Kaistobacter、溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、Candidatus_Solibacter、硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）、红长命菌属（Rubrivivax）、拟衣藻属（Dechloromonas）、Anaeromyxobacter、硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）等;PCA分析结果显示,土壤细菌群落结构空间相关性不明显。这为冀北水稻田土壤修复、病害防治及功能菌肥开发,促进水稻高产栽培提供依据。     

大麦籽粒淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性研究

为研究大麦籽粒支链淀粉、直链淀粉和β-葡聚糖积累特性,及淀粉各组分与β-葡聚糖的关系,以2个皮大麦、1个裸大麦和1个糯裸大麦为试验材料,测定花后7、14、21、28d淀粉各组分及β-葡聚糖含量。结果表明,甘啤6号淀粉各组分含量随灌浆推进均逐渐升高,在成熟期达到最大值;甘垦啤7号和甘垦6号均呈先升高后降低趋势,在花后21d有1个峰值。糯大麦C 2-1直链淀粉含量显著低于非糯大麦;支链淀粉含量显著高于非糯大麦,整个灌浆期呈先升高后降低趋势。β-葡聚糖含量均随灌浆时间延长逐渐升高,成熟期含量最高;整个灌浆期糯大麦C 2-1含量显著高于非糯大麦。相关分析表明,直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值与β-葡聚糖含量呈极显著负相关,可以将直链淀粉/支链淀粉比值作为高β-葡聚糖品种选育的一个指标。Logistic方程拟合发现,直链淀粉、β-葡聚糖最终积累量与积累起势与有效积累时间有关,支链淀粉最终积累量取决于最高积累速率和平均积累速率。     

不同温度对扬州盐水鹅品质的影响

[目的]为了保证扬州盐水鹅的卫生质量和品质。[方法]对扬州盐水鹅在不同保存温度下菌落总数、菌相和pH值的变化进行试验性观察。[结果]当菌落总数达到106 cfu/g、腿肌pH值为6.5以上时,均有异味产生;腐败过程中的优势菌种,37℃为肠球菌属和葡萄球菌属,20℃为变形杆菌属,4℃为假单胞菌属;对于当天制作并于中午出售的盐水鹅,其保存期限建议值为:37℃不超过7 h,20℃不超过24 h,4℃不超过6 d。[结论]该研究为建立健全可供盐水鹅新鲜度鉴定使用的卫生评价指标提供了依据。     

大型海藻对海水水族箱生态微宇宙结构及稳定性的影响

稳定高效的多营养层级景观生态系统构建是近年来水族行业的发展热门,为探究海水水族箱在引入大型海藻后微宇宙生态系统结构和稳定性的变化,分别对不同处理组进行水质指标、浮游生物及细菌群落结构分析。结果表明：（1）有藻组水体溶解氧（DO）含量和pH上升趋势高于无藻组,并可维持亚硝态氮（NO2--N）含量在较低水平,实验结束时磷酸盐（PO43--P）及铵态氮（NH4+-N）含量显著低于无藻组（P < 0.05）。（2）有藻组细菌多样性及均匀度指数显著低于无藻组（P < 0.05）;浮游生物群落均匀度指数存在显著组间差异（P < 0.05）。（3）细菌群落结构分析结果显示,无藻及有藻组第一、二优势菌门均为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）,无生物对照组分别为变形菌门和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）;各处理组浮游生物群落的第一优势门均为硅藻门（Bacillariophyta）,至少占样品中浮游生物群落丰度的40%以上,第一优势属均为直链藻属（Melosira）。（4）CCA结果显示,无藻组微生物优势种丰度与营养盐含量呈正相关关系,与溶解氧（DO）及pH负相关,有藻组则相反。通过以上结果可推测,不同营养层级的微宇宙系统浮游生物及细菌群落组成不同,培养针叶蕨藻（Caulerpa sertularioides）能有效改善生态水族箱水质环境并影响水体微宇宙结构,有利于构建稳定高效并美观的海水景观生态系统。     

连作花生田根际土壤优势细菌的分离和鉴定

采用土壤稀释分离法,从不同连作年限花生根际土壤中分离优势细菌,结合菌株形态特征、培养性状、生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析结果,对优势细菌进行鉴定.结果表明,种植过花生及花生连作后,土壤中优势细菌种类发生明显变化,从连作花生田根际土壤中分离鉴定出7种优势细菌,分别为Leifsonia xyli、氯酚节杆菌(Art...     

微生物对蒽醌类染料废水脱色的研究进展

蒽醌类染料已经成为目前比较重要的一种染料,但其成分复杂,有毒性,给废水处理带来一定难度。阐述了对蒽醌类染料具有脱色作用的细菌和真菌的种类与脱色机理,以及这些微生物在废水处理中的应用前景。     

Impact of inorganic nitrogen additions on microbes in biological soil crusts

Many studies have shown that changes in nitrogen (N) availability affect the diversity and composition of soil microbial community in a variety of terrestrial systems, but less is known about the responses of microbes specific to biological soil crusts (BSCs) to increasing N additions. After seven years of field experiment, the bacterial diversity in lichen-dominated crusts decreased linearly with increasing inorganic N additions (ambient N deposition; low N addition, 3.5 g N m⁻² y⁻¹; medium N addition, 7.0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹; high N addition, 14.0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹), whereas the fungal diversity exhibited a distinctive pattern, with the low N-added crust containing a higher diversity than the other crusts. Pyrosequencing data revealed that the bacterial community shifted to more Cyanobacteria with modest N additions (low N and medium N) and to more Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and much less Cyanobacteria with excess N addition (high N). Our results suggest that soil pH, together with soil organic carbon (C), structures the bacterial communities with N additions. Among the fungal communities, the relative abundance of Ascomycota increased with modest N but decreased with excess N. However, increasing N additions favored Basidiomycota, which may be ascribed to increases in substrate availability with low lignin and high cellulose contents under elevated N conditions. Bacteria/fungi ratios were higher in the N-added samples than in the control, suggesting that the bacterial biomass tends to dominate over that of fungi in lichen-dominated crusts after N additions, which is especially evident in the excess N condition. Because bacteria and fungi are important components and important decomposers in BSCs, the alterations of the bacterial and fungal communities may have implications in the formation and persistence of BSCs and the cycling and storage of C in desert ecosystems.     

Interrelations of organism prevalence, specimen collection method, and host age, sex, and breed among 8,354 canine urinary tract infections (1969-1995)

Selected information was compiled from canine urinalyses and urine cultures conducted between January 1969 and December 1995. Eight thousand three hundred fifty-four microbial isolates (bacteria and fungi) included 4,873 isolates from females and 3,481 from males. Ten bacterial genera accounted for 96.3% of the urinary isolates, including Escherichia coli (44.1%), Staphylococcus spp. (11.6%), Proteus spp. (9.3%), Klebsiella spp. (9.1%), Enterococcus spp. (8.0%), and Streptococcus spp. (5.4%) as the 6 most common isolates in both genders of dogs. Among these 6 genera, female dogs were generally predisposed over males, although males had more urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by Klebsiella spp. Distributions of ages at UTI diagnosis tended to be similar between genders. Infection with a single microbial species was responsible for >72% of UTIs in both genders. Among females, 40 breeds and a mixed-breed group represented 90.2% of all positive urine cultures, 88.4% of the individual dogs with UTIs. and 88.2% of the microbial isolations. Among males, these same 41 breed groups represented 87.9% of all positive urine cultures, 87.6% of the individual dogs, and 88.2% of the microbial isolations.     

培养料不同pH对真姬菇生长的影响

探讨不同初始pH值对真姬菇菌丝生长及产量的影响,来确定栽培料最适的初始pH值.结果表明:栽培料以灭菌前初始pH值7.5～8.0,日长速最快,达到6.45～7.14 mm,其产量最高,达到246.5～248.6 g/袋.