鱼菜共生系统中乳酸菌的筛选及其发酵矿化应用

针对鱼菜共生系统固体废弃物资源化利用效率低的问题,该研究旨在筛选出抗逆性好、矿化功能强的鱼源性乳酸菌,加强鱼粪残饵的发酵矿化性能。试验从鱼菜共生系统中的生物滤料和鱼体中分离乳酸菌,并通过抗逆性及发酵矿化性能检测,筛选出2株具有应用潜力的鱼粪残饵矿化菌株,经鉴定分别为乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）L1和糊精乳杆菌（Lactobacillus dextrinicus）L2。耐温性、耐酸碱性和耐盐性检测结果显示,L1表现出较好的抗逆性。在 50 ℃时,L1存活率为96.60%,显著高于L2的存活率80.35%（P<0.05）;在pH值分别为5.0和9.0时,L1的存活率分别为65.43%和71.25%,高于L2的存活率31.10%和52.22%（P<0.05）;当盐浓度为60 g/L时,L1的存活率为37.33%,而L2无法存活。通过比较对照组（CK组,未添加乳酸菌）和乳酸乳球菌组（L组,添加乳酸乳球菌）发酵矿化过程中发酵液水质和矿物元素含量,结果显示 L组的有机物降解及矿化效果更好,除硫（S）元素以外,钾（K）、钙（Ca）、镁（Mg）、铁（Fe）、锰（Mn）和锌（Zn）元素的矿化率均在第3天达到最高（27.59%～94.67%）。综上所述,乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）具有较强的抗逆性和显著的发酵矿化效果,且其最佳发酵矿化周期为3 d。该研究可为提高鱼菜共生系统固体废弃物资源化利用效率提供技术支持。     

秸秆过滤养猪废水UASB厌氧发酵及微生物群落分析

养猪废水成分复杂,所含悬浮性固体对其生物发酵过程影响显著;利用经过粉碎压实后的玉米秸秆对养猪废水进行负压抽滤,吸附截留废水中的悬浮性固体。再利用上流式厌氧污泥床（UASB,up-flow anaerobic sludge bed/blanket）反应器对过滤后的养猪废水进厌氧发酵,探究发酵过程中随着有机负荷的增加,化学需氧量（COD,chemical oxygen demand）去除率、pH值、产气量的变化规律,并采用高通量测序技术分析最优负荷时厌氧消化污泥中的细菌与古菌群落组成。过滤试验表明,在过滤压差为40kPa、滤层厚度为15cm、滤料压实度为1.6倍密度（148.8kg/m³）时有较好的过滤效果,此时总固体（TS,total solid）、挥发性固体（VS,volatile solid）、COD的去除率分别为33.08%、28.05%、23.01%。厌氧发酵试验结果表明,在温度为(35±1)℃时反应器稳定运行的最高负荷为11 kg/(m³·d);反应器处理效果最优的负荷为10 kg/(m³·d）,此时进水COD浓度为5 000 mg/L、COD去除率为76.46%、容积产气率为1.51m³/(m³·d)。高通量测序结果表明,厌氧发酵过程由多种微生物菌群协同作用,主要的细菌群类是Firmicutes、Bacteroidota,主要古菌群类为Halobacterota,且高效产甲烷菌分布丰富。试验结果为利用作物秸秆过滤养猪废水进行以废治废的技术应用提供了依据。     

脲酶抑制剂对绵羊瘤胃发酵特性的影响

选用 12只瘘管公羊研究氢醌对瘤胃发酵特性的影响。以始重为区组 ,随机将动物分成 4个处理组 ,即在全混合日粮中分别添加 0、2 0、4 0和 80mg/kg氢醌 (干物质基础 )。在采食后 0、2、4、6和 8小时采集瘤胃液样本立即测定瘤胃液的氨浓度和pH值 ,随后测定挥发性脂肪酸和尿素氮含量。不同采样点的瘤胃液pH值不受添加氢醌的影响。在采食后 2小时 ,喂含有氢醌日粮的各试验组瘤胃氨的浓度比对照组低近一半 (P <0 .0 5 )。在 0、6、8小时各处理组NH3 的浓度差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。在采食后 4小时 ,除 80mg/kg组外 ,各试验组氨的浓度与对照组相比 ,差异不显著(P >0 .0 5 )。随着氢醌添加水平的增加 ,对尿素水解的抑制作用增强 ,结果导致尿素在瘤胃中积累的增加 ,这和氨的浓度在不同时间点随氢醌添加水平增加而相应减少的变化趋势是相对应的。日粮中添加 2 0 ,4 0和 80mg/kg氢醌的各处理组乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的总产量分别比对照组提高 2 5 %、4 0 %和 2 6 % ,均达到显著水平 (P <0 .0 5 )。     

利用味精废水固态发酵饲料酵母对非蛋白氮转化能力的研究

试验以产朊假丝酵母(Candida utilis)为出发菌株,味精废水、玉米粉和麸皮为底物,固态发酵生产饲料酵母。通过感官性状、活菌数、水溶性蛋白、小肽及氨基酸的测定来评价不同味精废水添加量对固态发酵的影响。结果表明:味精废水添加10%时,发酵效果最佳。发酵后活菌数达8.02logCFU/g;水溶性蛋白和小肽含量分别为7.99%和5.42%;游离氨基酸含量为17.82%,较不添加味精废水组及添加20%组分别高出1.26和0.9个百分点(P<0.05)。味精废水作为廉价的非蛋白氮原料,可用于产朊假丝酵母固态发酵的生产中,具有很好的经济效益和开发潜力。     

奶牛非饲草来源纤维营养研究进展

本文在总结分析国内外最新研究成果的基础上,对非饲草来源纤维(NFFS)对奶牛的营养作用和生理影响及其机理进行了综述,主要从NFFS部分替代饲草对奶牛生产性能、瘤胃草垫层和瘤胃发酵的影响,以及NFFS部分替代精料对饲料效率、生产性能和亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)奶牛生理的影响等方面进行论述,旨在为NFFS饲料在奶牛饲粮中的科学合理利用提供理论参考和依据。     

Use of monosodium glutamate by‐product in cow diet on performance of lactating dairy cows

Eight multiparous lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The dietary treatments were monosodium glutamate by‐product (MSGB) replacement for soybean meal in concentrate at four levels: MSGB replacement at 0, 20, 40 and 60%, respectively. Pangola hay was given on an ad libitum basis. It was found that total dry matter intake, concentrate intake, pangola hay intake and all apparent digestibilities were not different among treatments. Ammonia nitrogen concentration in the rumen at 4 h post‐feeding was significantly different, in which the 0% treatment had the highest (P < 0.05) while the 20% treatment had the lowest. Milk fat percentage was the highest (P < 0.05) in the 0% treatment. MSGB replacement at 40% and 60% were shown to be the lowest (P < 0.05) feed cost for milk production, and profitability of milk production was the highest (P < 0.05) for the 60% treatment. Based on this experiment, it could be concluded that MSGB replacement for soybean meal at 20‐60% in the feed for dairy cows presented no negative effects on their performances. In addition, it could decrease feed cost 2.9‐17.3% and increase milk production profit up to 33.3% in the 60% treatment.     

日粮不同CP及RUP水平对奶牛瘤胃发酵的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平的粗蛋白（CP）及瘤胃非降解蛋白（RUP）的日粮对奶牛瘤胃代谢的影响。试验选择18头健康、体重相近的荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物,随机分为6组,每组3头。采用2×3因子完全随机试验设计,其中CP设7.5%（低）、9.0%（中）、10.5%（高）3个水平,RUP设45%CP（低）、55%CP（高）2个水平,共6个处理组,饲喂相同基础日粮,精粗比为3∶7,预饲期10d,饲喂后2、4、8、12、24h从食道采集瘤胃液2d,测定瘤胃液pH值,NH3-N、微生物蛋白质（BCP）、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）含量。结果表明,日粮CP水平对瘤胃液NH3-N浓度的影响极显著（P〈0.01）,对BCP及VFA的含量影响较小,总体而言,9.0%CP水平组对奶牛的瘤胃发酵略好于其他两组;日粮中高RUP（55%CP）可以显著降低瘤胃pH值且有降低NH3-N浓度的趋势,同时,对瘤胃BCP及VFA的合成有一定的促进作用。该试验条件下,日粮中CP（9.0%）和RUP（55%CP）可在一定程度上改善瘤胃代谢。     

菊花发酵乳饮料工艺优化

以菊花提取液和鲜牛奶为主要原料,杀菌后接种乳酸菌进行乳酸发酵,通过单因素与正交试验确定原料的配比、发酵条件及产品的配方。结果表明,原料最佳配比为菊花提取汁20％、蔗糖8％、鲜牛奶40％;制备该乳饮料的最佳发酵工艺条件为接种量3％、发酵时间4h、温度42℃。     

Effect of feeding wood kraft pulp on the growth performance,feed digestibility,blood components,and rumen fermentation in Japanese Black fattening steers

This study aimed to examine the effects of feeding kraft pulp (KP) on the growth performance, feed digestibility, and rumen fermentation of Japanese Black fattening steers. Ten Japanese Black fattening steers (aged 26 months) were randomly divided into control and KP groups. The control group (n = 5) was fed concentrate feed without KP, and the KP group (n = 5) was fed concentrate feed containing 10% KP. Both the groups were provided rice straw as roughage. The experiment was conducted over a period of 12 weeks. There was no significant difference in dry matter intake, daily body weight gain, and nutrient digestibility between both groups. No difference was observed in the ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids among the groups. At weeks 8 and 12 after the onset of the experiment, the acetate‐to‐propionate ratio in the ruminal fluid of the KP group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The average daily pH of ruminal fluid and activity of ruminal lipopolysaccharide did not differ between the groups. Our results suggested that the growth performance and feed digestibility in the Japanese Black fattening steers were not influenced by replacing concentrate feed with KP.     

Microbial protein formation of different carbohydrates in vitro

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial protein yield of different pure carbohydrates to contribute to a more precise prediction of the microbial protein formed in the rumen. In a first experiment, sucrose, wheat starch, microcrystalline cellulose and citrus pectin were incubated for 8 and 24 hr in the modified Hohenheim gas test (HGT) system (3 runs × 2 syringes) including gas production, ammonia and short‐chain fatty acid concentration measurements. Ammonia values were used for estimation of the microbial protein formation. In a second experiment, the same substrates were incubated for 96 hr in the HGT system (2 runs × 3 syringes) and gas production was measured after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60, 72 and 96 hr of incubation to obtain the fermentation kinetics and the time of half‐maximal gas production (t_1/2) of the substrates. The substrates differed considerably in their fermentation kinetics, and therefore, comparison on the basis of t_1/2 was chosen as the most meaningful. At t_1/2, microbial protein yield [g/kg dry matter] was higher for cellulose than for sucrose and pectin and higher for starch than for sucrose. The microbial protein expressed in g/L gas production was higher for starch and cellulose than for sucrose and pectin at t_1/2. Effects of carbohydrates related to ruminal pH may remain undetected in in vitro trials.