松毛虫和褐点粉灯蛾寄生蜂名录及疑难种描述

云南省寄生蜂天敌资源十分丰富。从多年采集的松毛虫和褐点粉灯蛾中共育出３５ 种寄生蜂天敌。其中姬蜂科１７ 种, 茧蜂科３ 种, 小蜂总科１５ 种。寄生于褐点粉灯蛾的初寄生蜂和次寄生蜂以及松毛虫的次寄生蜂如胶虫旋小蜂等在国内尚未记录过。除分科列出名录外, 还对其中８ 个疑难种, 作了形态描述。     

Airborne laser scanning as a method in operational forest inventory: Status of accuracy assessments accomplished in Scandinavia

Abstract

This research reports the major evaluation results from an operational stand-based forest inventory using airborne laser scanner data carried out in Norway. This is the first operational inventory in which data from two separate districts are combined. Laser data from two forest areas of 65 and 110 km² were used to predict six biophysical stand variables used in forest planning. The predictions were based on regression equations estimated from 250 m² field training plots distributed systematically throughout the two forest areas. Test plots with a size of 0.1 ha were used for validation. The testing revealed standard deviations between ground-truth values and predicted values of 0.58–0.85 m (3.4–5.6%) for mean and dominant heights, 2.62–2.87 m² ha^?1 (9.3–14.3%) for basal area, and 18.7–25.1 m³ ha^?1 (10.8–12.8%) for stand volume. No serious bias was detected. For 10 of the 12 estimated regression models there were no significant effects of district.     

基于137Cs示踪的丹江口市农用地土壤侵蚀与有机质流失分析

运用137Cs示踪技术探讨了丹江口市小流域不同土地利用方式的土壤侵蚀,并分析了137Cs含量与有机质和重金属含量之间的关系。结果表明:农用地土壤侵蚀速率从大到小依次为沟谷旱地>坡耕地>菜田>水田>草地>灌丛,耕作土的侵蚀强度多为中度和强度侵蚀,非耕作土则是微度和轻度侵蚀;不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质和重金属分布影响很大,有机质含量分布规律为草地>灌丛>菜田>水田>沟谷旱地>坡耕地;Pb与Ni含量为灌丛>草地>坡耕地>沟谷旱地>菜田>水田;Cr与Cu含量为灌丛>菜田>坡耕地>草地>沟谷旱地>水田;Zn含量为灌丛>菜田>草地>坡耕地>沟谷旱地>水田。对137Cs含量与土壤有机质、重金属含量进行回归分析的相关系数均在0.7以上,说明在景观简单的小流域,可以利用137Cs含量和数学模型预测土壤有机质和重金属的含量变化。     

A correction factor for,and its application to,visual censuses of littoral fish

Visual estimation techniques were used between October 1976 and May 1977 on the fish fauna of an enclosed mid-intertidal pool in the eastern Cape, South Africa, to test the usefulness and accuracy of this non-consumptive census method. In January, 1977, two pools were censused for fish, then poisoned using the ichthyocide ‘pronoxfish’ and all fish collected. Forty species in 21 families were obtained from the two stations. The accuracy of visual estimates varied with the species of fish. Secretive and cryptically coloured types, as well as species which Inhabit crevices, were underestimated, between 0 and 86% being counted. Other fish with protective colours but that occur more openly and do not react adversely to divers, as well as schooling species, were also underestimated, but up to 100% of the total were observed. Those which occur singly or in small groups in the water column were counted more accurately, with 57 to 100% of the actual number being seen. Correction factors were calculated from these data and applied to a census taken of one pool in May. Comparisons of corrected and actual numbers Indicate that these factors were relatively accurate for non-secretive species. The factors will, however, vary for each species, from observer to observer, depending on their personal experience, and from area to area.     

抽样技术在森林生物量调查中的应用综述

森林生物量是反映生态系统结构和功能特征的重要指标,也是研究森林生态系统中能量流动与物质循环的基础依据。在满足精度与可靠性的条件下,通过改进样本抽取方法及辅助历史资料,减少抽取样本单元和使样本单元集中是生物量调查要研究的重要问题。生物量空间分布格局是影响调查精度的重要因素,抽样技术是影响调查效率的关键因素,传统等概率抽样在满足规定的精度与可靠性前提下确定的样本单元数仍较多且分散,运用于生物量调查存在局限性。研究适应性抽样技术能基于森林生物量的空间分布格局进行不等概率抽样,能有效提高调查效率,满足不同区域尺度和空间分布特点的生物量估测的实际需要。     

侵蚀作用对黄土丘陵沟壑区有机碳迁移-沉积的影响

土壤有机碳(SOC)作为陆地碳库的重要组成部分,不仅对土壤肥力产生重要影响,而且在一定程度上影响着全球变暖趋势,为了深入探究土壤侵蚀与有机碳的关系,利用137 Cs核示踪法,以黄土丘陵沟壑区典型流域王茂沟坡耕地、林地、草地和梯田四种土地利用为研究对象,分析了不同坡面下土壤侵蚀对SOC迁移和沉积的影响规律.结果表明:与该...     

葡萄PP2C家族基因的鉴定与表达分析

参考拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）的PP2C基因注册序列,从葡萄（Vitis vinifera）全基因组中鉴定得到PP2C家族基因27个,分为10个亚族A、C ~ I、K、L。编码氨基酸181 ~ 1 084个,理论等电点4.46 ~ 8.98。亚细胞定位分析表明,葡萄PP2C基因家族主要在细胞质、叶绿体和细胞核中表达。二级结构主要以α–螺旋和不规则卷曲为主。葡萄PP2C基因芯片表达谱分析发现,该家族成员在葡萄不同组织中响应不同的逆境胁迫。qRT-PCR分析表明,葡萄试管苗在100和50 mmol ? L-1 ABA、10% NaCl和10% PEG单独处理6 h后VvPP2C02的诱导表达量最高,分别是对照的11倍、8倍、14倍和13倍。     

基于不同尺度样地的森林面积估算对比分析1）--以鞍山市为例

研究一类调查与二类调查的差异,分析现有森林资源样地调查方式的效率和误差,对比分析调整样地数量和样地面积大小后对市级区域森林面积估算的精度。以鞍山市为研究区,以二类调查小班数据为基础,以现行4 km×8 km样地间隔的标准样地数量为最大样本量,分析了在样方边长分别为25、30、250 m,1、2、3、4 km与样地数量分别为现行数量的1／2、1／3、1／4和1／5等情况下样地估算森林面积总体的精度。结果表明：样地面积越大,像元的混合度越大;现行抽样方式精度较高,误差仅为0．65％;当样地数量为现有样地数量的1／2,样地大小为2 km×2 km时,是较为准确估算鞍山市森林面积值的最佳抽样方式,误差为02．9％;虽然采样率为1／3,边长为3 km和4 km方式的精度更高,但是调查的面积更大。     

森林资源清查中植被调查与统计技术研究

文章提出了利用森林资源连续清查固定样地进行植被种类和生物量调查的技术方法。此方法通过选择适当时间，提高调查者相关知识，确定样地数量等措施，可满足植物区系调查的要求，对于植被类型确定，植物蕴藏量统计，经济植物开发利用保护的决策，植被演替规律的观测具有实用价值。