水稻田干耕及湿耕对于土壤中氮素转化及水稻产量的影响

1.在南京低丘地区,发育于黄土性母质上的轻度潴育性水稻土,在水旱连作的栽培制度下,本田耕地,通过干耕晒垡过程,并无效果。2.本文对不同类型水稻土干燥后的铵态氮动态,进行了测定和讨论,认为对于还原性强烈而腐殖质较多的水稻田,干耕晒垡是发挥水田潜在地力的有效措施,且只有在土壤充分干燥情况下,才能加速土壤有机质的矿化过程,但是,对于一般腐殖质含量较低,而无显著沼泽化迹象的轻度潴育性水稻土,由于土壤氧化势较高,土壤本身对促进有机物的分解具有良好条件,在田间情况下,对于耕作上某一短期的土壤干燥过程,不易产生较为明显的效果是可能的。3.对于水稻生长期间,土壤中NH_4~+及NO_3~-的动能进行了初步分析和讨论,初步指出,在长江下游地区,水田肥力的发挥,可能在很大程度上有赖于对土壤矿化过程的促进。     

土壤有效水与化肥相互作用机理及其应用研究——Ⅱ.化肥对土壤持水与溶质势的影响

本文应用压力板测水装置测定了不同用量的6种化肥在3种土壤上对持水量及水势的影响,结果表明:1.化肥作为土壤溶液中的一种溶质,对土壤持水量有明显影响。施化肥后溶质持水量(Y)随土壤水势增高而逐渐降低,呈Y=A·e^BX,极显著相关。对不同土壤的影响顺序为中壤>砂壤>细砂;2.不同水势下不同化肥溶质持水量比对照的增幅(△Y)随土壤水势的增高而增大,呈△Y=A·X^B,极显著相关,对不同土壤的影响顺序为细砂>砂壤>中壤;3.不同化肥在不同水势下溶质持水量比对照增幅有随施肥量增加而升高的趋势;4.当不同化肥与对照处理的土壤持水量相等时,不同化肥的溶质持水量(Y)随土壤水势的增高而增加,呈Y=A·X^B,极显著相关;5.不同水势下不同化肥溶质持水量比埘照增幅大体上与化肥的盐指数值呈线性正相关;而施不同化肥的溶质势增量亦随盐指数值的增高而增大,呈极显著指数相关。     

不同植被恢复对侵蚀型红壤活性碳库的影响

为了解侵蚀型红壤不同植被恢复后,土壤有机碳的演变状况,采集了持续时间为17年和9年的2个定位试验点土壤样品,分析了土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、水溶性碳和矿化态碳含量.结果表明侵蚀型红壤植被恢复后,土壤总有机碳和各类活性碳含量均明显增加,并随着恢复时间的延长,土壤各类碳含量显著上升.同样是杉木林,恢复17年的土壤(0～20 cm)总有机碳、微生物量碳、水溶性碳和矿化态碳的含量分别是恢复9年土壤的2.18倍、2.95倍、2.25倍和2.01倍.不同处理比较来看,木荷林土壤各类碳含量明显高于杉木林土壤,黑麦草处理矿化态碳含量明显高于恢复时间相同的杉木和胡柚处理.分析了各处理活性碳占总有机碳的比例发现,植被恢复17年的2个处理,土壤微生物量占总有机碳比例明显高于恢复9年的3个处理;恢复时间分别为17年和9年的2个杉木处理,土壤水溶性碳占总有机碳比例明显较高,而矿化态碳占总有机碳比例明显偏低;黑麦草处理矿化态碳占总有机碳比例明显高于恢复时间相同的杉木和胡柚处理.从相关分析来看,土壤总有机碳、微生物量碳、水溶性碳及矿化态碳两两之间相关性均达极显著水平(P＜0.01);土壤各类碳与土壤全氮、水解氮、有效磷含量之间也具有极显著相关性.     

长期种植苜蓿对土壤氮素营养的作用

13年长期施肥和轮作试验结果表明，连续种植苜蓿时N肥、P肥、有机肥的配合施用(NPM)较单施P肥对提高土壤硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)含量水平有较好效果；而无论施肥与否，种植苜蓿对土壤深层NO^-₃-N均造成不同程度的亏缺。苜蓿(NPM)连作较小麦(NPM)连作土壤NO^-₃-N利用率高；种植苜蓿对土壤铵态氮(NH⁺₄-N)分布影响与NO^-₃-N不同，深层土壤CK、NPM配施处理NH⁺₄-N含量明显高于施P和裸地处理，不同作物种植系统中以苜蓿连作土壤剖面中NH⁺₄-N含量最高。与其他轮作相比，苜蓿连作在提高土壤剖面供N能力方面有较好作用。     

长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理对棕壤无机氮和氮素矿化率的影响

长期地膜覆盖对土壤许多理化性质产生较大影响，但对无机氮和氮素矿化率的影响却鲜有报道。本文重点研究沈阳农业大学棕壤定位实验站（1987年开始）内长期地膜覆盖及不同施肥处理下土壤无机氮和氮素矿化率在整个生长季内的变化情况。结果表明，长期的地膜覆盖可以增加NO2^--N的积累，并抑制NO3^--N的迁移，但对NH4^＋—N的含量则影响不大；而且覆膜促进了土壤有机氮索的矿化，从而加速了NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的释放进释．研究结果同时表明有机肥与无机肥配合施用比单一施用有机肥更能促进土壤的N素矿化。     

金沙江干涸峡谷中6种固氮绿篱品种剪枝中氮的矿化研究

A litterbag experiment of 12 weeks was conducted to study nitrogen mineralization process of prunings of six nitrogen-fixing hedgerow species in a dry valley of the Jinsha River. Prunings were incorporated into soil or used as mulch. The results indicated that pruning N of the six hedgerow species was mineralized fast in the first week and then decreased slowly in the rest of the study period. When prunings were incorporated into soil, the amount of nitrogen mineralized by the end of the first week accounted for 69.9%, 58.2%, 54.5%, 43.0%, 29.6% and 20.6% of the total N in prunings of Desmodium rensonii, Tephrosia candida, Leucaena leucocephala, Albizia yunnanensis, Acacia dealbata, and Acacia mearnsii, respectively. When prunings of L. leucocephala were used as mulch materials, the amount of nitrogen mineralized in the first week was 16.2% less than that of prunings incorporated into soil. The mineralization pattern of pruning N could be simulated by an exponent model N_t% = N₀₁% (1 -exp(-k₁t)) + N₀₂% (1-exp (-k₂t)) where N_t% is cumulative mineralized N in time t, N₀₁% and N₀₂% are readily and less readily mineralizable N in prunings, respectively, and k₁ and k₂ are rate constants. A half-life period of pruning nitrogen mineralization could also be determined by this model. The nitrogen content in the pruning residues decreased quickly in the first week but fluctuated thereafter. The initial C/N ratio was negatively related to the mineralization rate of prunings.     

砂土中有机物质腐解与有机质调控

通过砂滤管和尼龙网袋法研究了有机物料在砂土的腐殖化和矿质化规律,对该土壤有机质培肥及调控提出了建议。研究表明:供试的几种物料总的分解速率趋势为:玉米秸杆>小麦秸杆>鸡粪>牛粪>猪粪。砂土有机质的矿化速率为3.06%;同时发现两种研究方式下,土壤有机质含量和活性有机质含量二者之间具有明显的相关性。     

N Mineralization as Affected by Long-Term N Fertilization and Its Relationship with Crop N Uptake.

A field experiment established in 1997 was conducted to study the effect of long-term N fertilizer application on N mineralization in a paddy soil determined using a laboratory anaerobic incubation followed with a field incubation and to measure the relationship between in situ N mineralization and crop N uptake. To estimate N mineralization in the laboratory, soil samples were collected from plots with N application at different rates for six years and were incubated. Soils treated with fertilizer N mineralized more N than unfertilized soils and mineralization increased with N application rates. Also, the fraction of total N mineralized increased with increasing N fertilizer application. These findings meant that a substantial portion of previously applied N could be recovered slowly over time in subsequent crops. The field incubation of the plot receiving no fertilizer N showed that the NH4^＋-N concentration varied greatly during the rice-growing season and seasonal changes of N mineralization were due more to accumulation of NH4^＋-N than NO3^-N. Hice N uptake increased up to a maximum of 82 kg N ha^-1 during the season. The close agreement found between in situ N mineralization and rice N uptake suggested that the measurement of in situ N mineralization could provide useful recommendations for adequate fertilizer N application.     

接线组Y,yn0与D,yn11型配电变压器的比较

1供电质量接线组为Y,yn0配电变压器,主磁通为平顶波,因而在副绕组中产生的感应电势亦为平顶波,导致供电质量差。接线组为D,yn11型配变,主磁通成为正弦波,副绕组中的感应电势也为正弦波,因而提高了输出电压的波形质量,即提高了供电质量。2运行效率Y,yn0接线组的配电变压器,原绕组中不能通过励磁电流中的三次谐波分量,使主磁通成为平顶波,即在主磁通中含有三次谐波分量。三次谐波磁通分量在铁心中无法形成回路,只有通过油箱等铁件作为回路,因而增加了磁阻使损耗剧增,导致局部发热温升增大,运行效率下降。而D,yn11接线组的配电变压器则无此现…