氢氧稳定同位素在土壤蒸发规律研

介绍了利用氢氧稳定同位素研究土壤蒸发的基本原理,综述了国内外对土壤蒸发中氢氧稳定同位素技术应用的研究现状,分析了盐类、温度梯度、土壤水迁移机制和土壤分层及植被等因素对各种土壤蒸发机理及其描述计算方法的影响,利用氢氧稳定同位素在土壤蒸发过程中的分馏特性揭示了土壤蒸发机理。最后,指出了选择合适土壤水提取技术的重要性和土壤蒸发研究存在的不足与值得进一步研究的问题。     

稳定同位素示踪土壤中重金属环境行为的研究进展

随随着以多接收器电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（MC-ICP-MS）为代表的高精度质谱分析技术的革命性突破,稳定同位素的研究取得了跨越式发展。重金属稳定同位素成为了示踪土壤环境介质中重金属地球化学循环的有效工具,在识别污染来源、解析关键过程、跟踪环境行为等方面展现出极大的应用潜力。从同位素基本概念出发,系统介绍了利用重金属稳定同位素示踪土壤环境重金属污染的来源与归趋、土壤-植物体系重金属元素的迁移转化以及金属纳米颗粒的环境过程等方面的研究进展,并进一步总结了氧化还原、沉淀溶解、吸附解吸、络合反应、生物作用等影响重金属稳定同位素分馏的相关机制,最后针对当前应用和研究现状,提出了拓展稳定同位素示踪重金属环境行为的潜在研究方向和研究内容,对土壤重金属污染防治及修复具有重要的指导意义。     

青饲料分馏工艺及其效果

<正> 对青饲料(主要是蛋白质合量高的豆科牧草,如紫苜蓿、红白三叶草等)以及豆科和禾本科混播的人工种植牧草,进行切碎、粉碎、压榨、分离、脱水、发酵、制粒等加工,制成草渣(或颗粒、饼块)、浓缩蛋白膏(或粉、粒)及饲料酵母三种基本草产品,称为青饲料分馏技术或青饲料浓缩蛋白技术。其优点是:①燃料消耗比不脱水处理降低1/3～1/2,生产成本降低一半;②可充分保存和利用青饲料中的蛋白质、维生素、胡萝卜素等营养物质,损失可降低到最低限度,草产品的利用率、消     

豆科固氮植物植株茎叶、根和根瘤的δ15N值变异

由于生物固定的氮在植物体内迁移过程中存在着同位素分馏效应，导致豆科固氮植物不同部位的δ＾１５Ｎ值彼此各不相同，我们的结果证实，茎叶的＾１５Ｎ自然丰度普遍低于根，特别是低于根瘤。     

蒸发与降水入渗过程中不同水体氢氧同位素变化规律

为了研究土壤水蒸发与降水入渗非饱和带过程中不同水体氢氧同位素的变化规律,该文选用2种不同性质的土壤-砂土和黄土,设计了土壤水蒸发和降水入渗室内试验。结果表明:对于砂土,土壤水蒸发过程中剩余水体氢氧同位素分馏遵从瑞利模式;对于黄土,随着蒸发时间的延长,剩余土壤水氢氧同位素值越来越远离瑞利分馏关系线;在降水入渗非饱和带的初期,相对于风干砂土,风干的黄土颗粒对土柱出流水的氢氧同位素值产生了影响,并且出流水的氢氧同位素亦受到土壤原水同位素值的影响,只有入渗的降水达到了一定数量,土柱出流水才能与降水的同位素值相同。该研究可为运用氢氧同位素研究降水能否通过非饱和带补给地下水提供数据分析的依据。     

农田土壤中氮同位素分级与硝化能力的关系研究

A laboratory-based aerobic incubation was conducted to investigate nitrogen(N) isotopic fractionation related to nitrification in five agricultural soils after application of ammonium sulfate((NH4)2SO4). The soil samples were collected from a subtropical barren land soil derived from granite(RGB),three subtropical upland soils derived from granite(RQU),Quaternary red earth(RGU),Quaternary Xiashu loess(YQU) and a temperate upland soil generated from alluvial deposit(FAU). The five soils varied in nitrification potential,being in the order of FAU YQU RGU RQU RGB. Significant N isotopic fractionation accompanied nitrification of NH+4. δ15N values of NH+4 increased with enhanced nitrification over time in the four upland soils with NH+4 addition,while those of NO-3 decreased consistently to the minimum and thereafter increased. δ15N values of NH+4 showed a significantly negative linear relationship with NH+4-N concentration,but a positive linear relationship with NO-3-N concentration. The apparent isotopic fractionation factor calculated based on the loss of NH+4 was 1.036 for RQU,1.022 for RGU,1.016 for YQU,and 1.020 for FAU,respectively. Zero- and first-order reaction kinetics seemed to have their limitations in describing the nitrification process affected by NH+4 input in the studied soils. In contrast,N kinetic isotope fractionation was closely related to the nitrifying activity,and might serve as an alternative tool for estimating the nitrification capacity of agricultural soils.     

水稻土和潮土中铁锰氧化物形态与稀土元素地球化学特征之间的关系研究

稀土元素在土壤中的含量和分馏特征对它们在环境中的分布、迁移、转化、归宿以及生态效应都有重要的影响。铁锰氧化物矿物的表面作用已被认为是表生环境中元素活化迁移和污染的重要机制之一。本研究以亚热带北端的长江三角洲地区和亚热带南端的珠江三角洲地区的典型水稻土和潮土剖面为例,探讨了铁锰体系对土壤稀土元素含量和地球化学分馏的影响。研究结果表明:铁锰氧化物中以晶质态氧化铁与土壤稀土元素的结合作用为主,并且对潮土的作用要比水稻土更为显著。游离态氧化铁对水稻土Ce富集和Eu亏缺均有积极贡献;锰氧化物可能会通过对二价Eu的氧化而减少其在土壤中的亏缺程度。水稻土和潮土中稀土元素在剖面中的分馏程度也受到铁锰氧化物含量的影响,低含量的铁锰氧化物会使不同发生层之间稀土元素的分馏差异增大。Eu在铁游离度高的南亚热带水稻土中会通过还原并随Sr元素一起淋失。     

赣南某些作物中稀土元素地球化学特征

对赣南地区(我国稀土元素高背景区)烟、茶、柿、枣典型产地植物样品(叶、果)和土壤样品中的稀土元素进行了采样测试分析研究。结果表明,植物稀土含量具有烟叶>枣叶>柿叶>茶叶>枣果>柿果的特点,这除了与产地土壤稀土丰度有一定关系外,主要受各种作物对稀土的吸收富集强度控制;同时,植物对稀土的吸收过程引起了稀土的分馏作用,在烟、枣、柿的叶片中轻、中稀土得到分馏富集,而茶叶呈现弱的重稀土分馏富集;稀土元素Ho表现出相对强的植物生理活动性。     

Use of a post-production fractionation process improves the nutritional value of wheat distillers grains with solubles for young broiler chicks

Background： Post-production fractionation of wheat distillers grains with solubles（DDGS） increases their crude protein content and reduces their fiber content.This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of fractionation of wheat DDGS on apparent total tract digestibility（ATTD） and performance when fed to broiler chicks（0–21 d）.Methods： A total of 150,day-old,male broiler chicks（Ross-308 line;Lilydale Hatchery,Wynyard,Saskatchewan） weighing an average of 49.6 ± 0.8 g were assigned to one of five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design.The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal and contained 20% regular wheat DDGS.The experimental diets contained 5,10,15 or 20% fractionated wheat DDGS added at the expense of regular wheat DDGS.Results： The ATTD of dry matter and gross energy were linearly increased（P 0.01） as the level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet increased.Nitrogen retention was unaffected by level of fractionated wheat DDGS（P 0.05）.Weight gain increased linearly（P = 0.05） as the level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet increased.Feed intake,feed conversion and mortality were unaffected by level of fractionated wheat DDGS in the diet（P 0.05）.Conclusions： Post-production fractionation of wheat DDGS improves their nutritional value by lowering their fiber content and increasing their content of crude protein and energy.These changes in chemical composition supported increased weight gain of broilers fed wheat DDGS.