Les vaccins dans la prevention de la rhinotracheite infectieuse du chat adjuvant BCG gel d''alumine (preparation, controle, immunite)

Immunogenicity of different vaccines against the main viral diseases was compared: feline infectious rhinotracheitis, feline panleucopenia virus and calicivirus. These inactivated vaccines developed higher protective activity when adjuvants such as BCG or aluminium hydroxide were used. Animals vaccinated and boostered with an identical dose of these vaccines resisted the viral challenges. Neutralizing antibodies titers obtained with BCG adjuvated vaccines were twofold higher than those containing aluminium hydroxide.     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.     

NaOH溶液脱绒对白羊草种子活力的影响

[目的] 探究NaOH溶液脱绒处理对白羊草（Bothriochloa ischaemum）种子活力的影响,为机械化播种提供便利条件。[方法] 分别利用浓度为10%、20%、30%、40%、50%（W/V）的NaOH溶液对白羊草种子进行脱绒处理0（CK）、1、5、10、15 min,分析其对发芽率（Gp）、发芽指数（Gi）、平均发芽时间（MGT）、幼苗活力指数（SVI）的影响,筛选白羊草种子NaOH溶液脱绒的最佳条件。[结果] NaOH溶液浓度及处理时间均对白羊草种子活力具有极显著（P<0.01）影响。相同处理时间下,白羊草种子脱绒1~10 min后Gp、Gi随NaOH溶液浓度的增加而增加,脱绒1 min和10 min后SVI随着NaOH溶液浓度的增加而增加,脱绒5 min后SVI随NaOH溶液浓度的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,脱绒15 min时Gp、Gi和SVI随NaOH溶液浓度的增加呈先升后降的趋势;在20%~50%的NaOH溶液浓度下,脱绒后白羊草种子Gp、Gi和SVI随处理时间的增加呈先升后降的趋势。经NaOH溶液脱绒处理后白羊草种子的MGT均高于CK。[结论] 适宜浓度的NaOH溶液浸种能有效脱去白羊草种子表面的绒毛,提高白羊草种子的活力。浓度为50%的NaOH溶液浸种5 min对白羊草种子活力的促进效果最好。     

KOH活化法制备棉花秸秆活性炭的研究

以棉花秸秆为原料,采用KOH活化法制备活性炭样品,探讨了炭化、活化及后处理过程中各实验条件对活性炭样品性能的影响。综合考虑活性炭样品的性能及得率,得出较优的实验条件为:炭化温度450～500℃、碱炭比值1.0、活化温度800℃、活化时间120 min;在较优条件下制得活性炭的比表面积2 312 m2/g,碘吸附值1 936 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值392 mg/g;孔径分布以微孔为主;表面含有羟基(—OH)、活泼氢(—H)等基团。     

氢氧化钠活化杉木屑制备活性炭的研究

采用杉木屑为原料,氢氧化钠为活化剂制备木质活性炭产品,探讨活化时间、活化温度、氢氧化钠浓度等工艺参数对木质活性炭的得率和吸附性能的影响.结果 表明,随活化温度、氢氧化钠浓度和活化时间的增大,木质活性炭的得率呈不断下降的趋势,木质活性炭的吸附性能呈先上升后下降的趋势.较优的工艺条件为:活化温度850℃、活化时间1.0h、...     

尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸对体外瘤胃内环境的影响

为了研究尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸对体外瘤胃内环境的影响,采用2因素3水平完全交叉试验设计,将尿素和氢氧化钙均按玉米秸干物质质量的2%、3%和4%的量分别添加,共9个试验组和1个对照组(添加量为0),通过短期人工瘤胃技术研究不同水平尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸对瘤胃液pH值、氨氮(NH3-N)质量浓度、微生物蛋白(MCP)产量和挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度的影响。结果表明,不同水平尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸对瘤胃液pH值影响不显著(P>0.05);对氨氮质量浓度影响显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01),但均在正常范围内;在MCP产量方面,第6、7、8组和第10组极显著高于对照、第2、3、4组和第9组(P<0.01),分别比对照组高26.74%、27.91%、36.05%和32.56%,第7、8组和第10组3个组间无显著差异(P>0.05),第8组和第10组显著高于第5组和第6组(P<0.05),第7组和第5、6组间无显著差异(P>0.05);第10组的乙酸、丙酸和丁酸3种挥发性脂肪酸总浓度极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),比对照组高84.59%,第10组极显著或显著高于其他试验组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结果显示,第10组即尿素和氢氧化钙处理玉米秸时,添加水平均为其干物质量的4%是最适宜的。     

脂溶性有机锡杀螨剂的合成路线改进

报道了一类有机锡杀螨剂O，O－二烃基二硫代磷酸三环已基锡酯的制备方法，即以三环己基氢氧化为起始原料，与O，O－二烃基二硫代磷酸反应即可制得，它们能溶于大多数有机溶剂，因而可被制成乳油剂型。     

The effect of four calcium‐based amendments on soil aggregate stability of two sandy topsoils

The structural stability of soil is a physical characteristic that affects soil degradation processes. Calcium‐based amendments, such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcium oxide/hydroxide, have been shown to improve the stability of soil aggregates. This study seeks to determine which calcium‐based soil amendments, and at what concentration, are the most efficient in improving aggregate stability of sandy topsoils derived from granitic and metamorphic parent materials, and to analyze the mechanisms involved. In the pot experiment, soils amended with CaCO₃, CaCl₂, and CaSO₄ did not present significant differences in aggregate stability compared to the control or among each other. In contrast, Ca(OH)₂ soil amendment brought the greatest stability to the soil aggregates. A dose of 1% Ca(OH)₂ significantly increased the stability of soil aggregates. This effect is due to the reaction of Ca(OH)₂ with atmospheric CO₂ which leads to the formation of CaCO₃, a delayed reaction not showed by the other soil amendments tested. Likewise, the greater solubility of Ca(OH)₂ compared to CaCO₃ exerts a greater aggregation effect on soil. Thus, the mechanism of action of Ca(OH)₂ is related to cementation, rather than flocculation. Future studies should be carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ca(OH)₂ under field conditions.     

乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌PCR快速检测方法的建立

为快速检测乳制品中的金黄色葡萄球菌,本研究将纳米氢氧化钛和纳米氢氧化锆固定在滤纸片上以去除PCR反应抑制因子,并以Nuc为靶基因,建立一种无需样品前增菌的PCR快速检测方法,同时确定该方法的特异性、灵敏度和实用性,并评估该方法所用试剂在冷冻保存条件下的稳定性与实用性。结果表明,该PCR快速检测方法在检测97株目标菌及83株非目标菌后未出现假阳性或假阴性结果;该方法无需增菌处理,可在4 h内完成检测,检测限为10¹ CFU·25 g^-1或10¹ CFU·25 mL^-1;该方法与传统检测方法在实际乳制品样品中金黄色葡萄球菌的检出率及活菌检测率均一致(符合率100%);此外,该检测方法所用试剂在-20℃冷冻条件下可稳定保存至少12个月。综上所述,本研究建立的PCR快速检测方法特异性强、灵敏度高,且实用性良好,能有效去除样品基质中的PCR反应抑制因子,为乳制品中金黄色葡萄球菌的快速检测提供了参考依据。     

Quantitative methods for estimating foliar uptake of zinc from suspension‐based Zn chemicals

The present study developed methods for quantifying foliar Zn uptake from suspension‐based Zn chemicals of low solubility, which were ZnO (particle size: 0.15^–1.34 μm) and a newly synthesized Zn hydroxide nitrate crystal (Zn‐HNC) (50^–100 nm thickness and 0.2^–1 μm lateral dimension). Recently matured leaves of citrus (Citrus aurantium L. cv. Valencia), capsicum (Capsicum annume L. cv. Giant Bell), and/or tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Roma) were in vitro–treated with microdroplets (5 μL per droplet) of Zn‐HNC‐ and ZnO‐suspension solutions on the adaxial surface and incubated under controlled conditions for up to 72 h. Leaf‐washing protocols were compared, including: dilute ethanol (3%), dilute nitric acid (2%), and their combination. The methods for quantifying Zn uptake were: (1) whole‐leaf loading by which droplets of the Zn suspension solutions were loaded onto central regions of both left and right sides of leaf blades and (2) half‐leaf loading by which soluble‐Zn (ZnSO₄) droplets were loaded onto only one side of leaf blades while the other was used as the background Zn control. Foliar‐surface characteristics of the plant species affected the effectiveness of the washing methods. The dilute nitric acid (2%; ± 3% ethanol) was required to remove residue particles of the ZnO and Zn‐HNC suspensions from foliar surfaces of capsicum and tomato (highly trichomatic), but the residue Zn chemicals on citrus leaves (nontrichomatic and highly waxy) were similarly and effectively removed by the three washing methods. For quantifying Zn uptake by the leaves, the half‐leaf loading method showed its advantages over the whole‐leaf loading method, because it did not stringently require similar background Zn concentrations in the control and treated leaves at the start and had little risks of secondary absorption of soluble Zn in the washing solution.