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1.
目的 为了解森林土壤氮素转化特征及土壤氮供应能力,为森林生态系统合理经营管理提供科学依据。 方法 以东北寒温带人工红松针叶林和天然次生阔叶混交林表层土壤为研究对象开展室内培养试验,采用15N同位素成对标记技术和FLUAZ数值优化模型,研究不同深度的土壤氮初级转化速率特征。 结果 林地土壤的氮初级转化速率受林型、土壤深度及二者间交互作用的影响。人工红松针叶林土壤氮初级矿化速率和无机氮固定速率显著低于天然次生阔叶混交林土壤,而初级硝化速率显著高于天然次生阔叶混交林土壤,2个林型土壤的氮初级转化速率都随着土壤深度的增加显著降低。土壤氮初级矿化速率和固定速率与土壤pH、有机碳、水溶性有机碳与水溶性有机氮含量呈显著正相关,土壤初级硝化速率与土壤pH呈显著负相关。人工红松针叶林土壤初级硝化速率与铵态氮固定速率比值显著高于天然次生阔叶混交林土壤,而对硝态氮的固定速率显著低于天然次生阔叶混交林土壤。 结论 2种林型土壤氮素转化特征差异明显,人工红松针叶林土壤的硝态氮产生能力较强而无机氮固持能力较弱,容易发生硝态氮的淋溶风险,天然次生阔叶混交林土壤氮矿化-固定过程耦合较好且硝化作用较弱,不易引发硝态氮的积累和淋溶风险。  相似文献   
2.
Dead wood is an important component of forest ecosystems and volumes vary depending on forest age, management intensity and productivity. This is the first large-scale study to quantify dead wood in Irish forests and to compare them to forests in other locations. We measured the volume and size distribution of logs, the density and size distribution of snags and the volume of dead wood contained in stumps in Oak (Quercus spp.) and Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) forests and in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations throughout Ireland. We also assigned each log, snag and stump to one of three decay classes (intact, part-rotted and well-rotted). We found no significant difference in log volume between any of the forest types. The majority (>90%) of logs were less than 20 cm in diameter, and large logs (>40 cm diameter) were scarce. We found a relatively high density of snags in all forest types but, as in the case of logs, over 90% of snags were <20 cm DBH and large snags (>40 cm DBH) were rare. The volume of dead wood contained in stumps was significantly higher in plantations than in Oak or Ash forests as a result of thinning and harvesting. Most logs and snags were moderately decayed but, in plantations, most stumps were intact. Log volume and the size of logs and snags were considerably lower than in old-growth forests in other regions. These patterns may reflect historical use of Irish forests for coppice and timber production. Management for biodiversity should aim to accelerate dead wood accumulation to increase the frequency of large-diameter logs and snags. Although management seeking to replicate the dead wood volumes of old-growth forests is ideal, it may be unrealistic in the short term.  相似文献   
3.
目的

研究橡胶林土壤有机碳组分及理化性状间的关系,为中国植胶区土壤质量和天然橡胶产业高效发展提供理论依据。

方法

以海南琼中大丰农场5种林龄(2、9、12、27和31龄)橡胶林土壤样品为研究对象,用农化分析方法测定土壤理化性质和有机碳组分含量。

结果

(1) 9龄橡胶林土壤pH最高,31龄橡胶林土壤含水量最高且容重最低,各林龄全氮、全磷和全钾含量分别低于、等于和高于全国水平。(2) 不同林龄橡胶林土壤有机碳各组分含量存在差异,其中总有机碳含量为4.58~8.52 g/kg,易氧化有机碳含量为1.72~4.66 g/kg,稳定态有机碳含量为2.05~3.27 g/kg,水溶性有机碳含量为0.23~0.48 g/kg。(3) 土壤总有机碳含量与易氧化有机碳含量、稳定态有机碳含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),相关系数分别为0.321和0.333。

结论

27和31龄橡胶林因林下积累有机物较多,其土壤有机碳组分含量高于低林龄橡胶林;2龄橡胶林因刚定植,林下植被裸露,12龄橡胶林因已开割,因此,有机物流失均较多。

  相似文献   
4.
    
Wilson  S.J.  Clark  R.J. 《New Forests》2000,19(1):13-25
Bare-root seedlings of Eucalyptus nitens frequently exhibit water stress after planting resulting in leaf lamina damage and reduced leaf area. Two trials examined effects of root exposure and desiccation between lifting and transplanting on post-planting water relations, leaf retention and root growth. Plants with roots exposed on a glasshouse bench initially lost water rapidly. In one trial 1 declined to around –2.0 MPa within 2.5 h, after which there was no further change with exposure up to 7.5 h. In the second trial, the initial decline in 1 was more rapid, reaching below –2.0 MPa in the first hour, before remaining stable with continuing exposure up to 4.5 h. A further decline then continued to –4.0 MPa after 7.5 h.Two days after transplanting into potting mix, day – time leaf water potentials in all desiccation treatments had declined to near –2.0 MPa. Hydraulic resistivity, measured as leaf specific resistivity two days after transplanting, increased following exposure for greater than 2.5 h, but there was no further increase between 4.5 and 7.5 h. The increase in resistivity corresponded with leaf water potential declining below –2.0 MPa during exposure.In the second trial, increasing root exposure time resulted in decreased leaf area due to lamina necrosis. Root growth, measured three weeks after planting, was also reduced. and there was also a positive curvilinear relationship between leaf area remaining at three weeks and new root growth. The results are discussed in terms of hardiness and the management of E. nitens seedlings from nursery to plantation.  相似文献   
5.
    
The increasing expansion of productive lands around the world during the last decades constitutes a strong driver of biodiversity loss, as they are usually established near to high diversity areas. Despite many studies that have compared bird diversity between natural and productive systems, a global synthesis is still missing and important for understanding how biodiversity is being altered. We conducted a meta‐analysis based on 144 case studies to assess the effects of four types of plantations (forestry, oil palm, coffee, and cacao) on bird species richness and abundance. We examined those effects in function of plantation type, latitudinal zone (temperate or tropical), geographical context (mainland or island), zoogeographic zone, and biodiversity hotspots. Plantations presented negative effects on both bird species richness and abundance. Oil palm plantations showed more negative effects followed by forestry plantations, whereas coffee and cacao agroforestry plantations had no significant effects. Those effects were geographically variable, being more pronounced in islands and temperate zones, as well as at the Oriental, Palearctic, and Neotropical zoogeograghic regions, and at the Sundaland and Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspots. Our results showed that productive systems reduce both species richness and abundance of bird species, being insular species particularly susceptible. Exotic monocultures with low structural heterogeneity (e.g., oil palm plantations) derive in highly impoverished bird communities dominated by generalist species. We identified South East Asia, tropical South America, and the Mediterranean Basin as the most threatened regions because of the sensitivity of their bird communities and the increasing rates of native forest replacement.  相似文献   
6.
采用不同肥料种类和施肥剂量对秃杉人工林进行施肥对比试验。观测胸径、树高和蓄积生长量,分析不同肥料种类和施肥剂量对秃杉人工幼龄林高、粗和蓄积生长量的效应。试验结果表明,合理的施肥措施对秃杉人工林生长有明显促进作用,与对照相比,年高生长增加34%,粗生长增加26%,蓄积生长增加35%。  相似文献   
7.
    
Worldwide, the land area devoted to timber plantations is expanding rapidly, especially in the tropics, where reptile diversity is high. The impacts of plantation forestry and its management on native species are poorly known, but are important, because plantation management goals often include protecting biodiversity. We examined the impact of pine (Pinus caribaea) plantations, and their management by fire, on the abundance and richness of reptiles, a significant proportion of the native biodiversity in tropical northern Australia, by (i) comparing abundance and diversity of reptiles among pine plantations (on land cleared specifically for plantation establishment), and two adjacent native forest types, eucalypt and Melaleuca woodlands, and (ii) comparing reptile abundance and richness in pine forest burnt one year prior to the study to remove understorey vegetation with pine forest burnt two years prior to the study. We also examined the influence of fire on reptile assemblages in native vegetation, by comparing eucalypt woodland burnt two years prior to the study and unburnt for eight years. To quantify mechanisms driving differences in reptile richness and abundance among forest types and management regimes, we measured forest structure, the temperatures used by reptiles (operative temperature) and solar radiation, at replicate sites in all forest types and management regimes. Compared to native forests, pine forests had taller trees, lower shrub cover in the understorey, more and deeper exotic litter (other than pine), and were cooler and shadier. Reptile assemblages in pine forests were as rich as those in native forests, but pine assemblages were composed mainly of species that typically use closed-canopy rainforest and prefer cooler, shadier habitats. Burning did not appear to influence the assemblage structure of reptiles in native forest, but burning under pine was associated with increased skink abundance and species richness. Burned pine was not warmer or sunnier than unburned pine, a common driver of reptile abundance, so the shift in lizard use after burning may have been driven by structural differences in understorey vegetation, especially amounts of non-native litter, which were reduced by burning. Thus, burning for management under pine increased the abundance and richness of lizard assemblages using pine. Pine plantations do not support the snake diversity common to sclerophyllous native forests, but pine may have the potential to complement rainforest lizard diversity if appropriately managed.  相似文献   
8.
桤木人工林细根与土壤养分含量季节动态变化   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
对桤木人工林细根、土壤养分含量的季节变化及其两者之间的关系进行了研究.结果表明:(1)桤木细根中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季高,春季最低;微量元素Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Pb、Ni、Cd含量冬季最低,春夏季较高.(2)土壤各层中大量元素N、Ca、K、Mg、P含量冬季最低,夏季最高;微量元素Mn、Zn含量在冬季最低,秋季最高;Fe、Ni、Pb、Cu、Cd含量在冬季最高,春秋较低.(3)细根和土壤中大量元素含量在冬季存在负相关关系,微量元素Fe、Ni、Cd含量在一年四季均存在显著负相关关系,Mn、Cu含量在春季、夏季和秋季存在负相关关系,Zn、Pb含量在春季、夏季和秋季存在正相关关系.  相似文献   
9.
杉木人工林林分直径结构预测影响因子的研究   总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8  
林分直径结构预测能为科学地进行人工林的定向培育提供可靠的理论依据。本文从生长方程等4方面探讨了产生杉木人工林林分直径结构预测效果好坏的原因,并对两种参数估计方法作了实证比较研究,对影响预测适合度高低的原因从林分因子的角度进行了进一步的探索,得到如下实验结果:不同的回收模型、建模材料、检验材料、生长方程对检验适合度的影响程度分别为具有极显著影响、显著影响、呈显著影响或极显著影响、无显著影响,当回收模型采用最简幂函数时,适合度均在50%以上,Richards生长方程预测效果较好,其6种情形下的适合度仅有1种低于60% ;参数预测法和参数回收法用于预测时检验适合度均较高,此2种方法各有优劣,均具有很好的应用前景;林分初植密度不同于年龄、立地指数、间伐等因子,不同密度范围下的预测适合度大小总体上存在一定的规律,且对适合度具有显著影响,按密度因子作分类预测时,应考虑密度的这种突出效应。  相似文献   
10.
福建省杉木人工林材性产区效应的研究 Ⅱ.木材力学性质   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
通过对福建省不同产区杉木人工林木材力学性质的测定和分析, 结果表明: 杉木人工林木材力学性质的产区间效应大于产区内效应, 产区间木材力学性质差异极显著, 产区内除端面硬度和径面硬度外的其它力学强度指标差异不显著; 一般产区杉木人工林木材各项力学强度较中心产区和边缘产区的稍高, 中心产区和边缘产区的杉木人工林木材各项力学强度相近  相似文献   
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