Ionic Ratios and Crop Performance: II. Effects of Interactions amongst Vanadium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Calcium on Soybean Yield

Because vanadium (V) is easily reduced to a cationic form within plant cells, data from resin-extraction of soil were analysed for evidence of interactions between V and the resin-extractable concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) on soybean seed yield. Three varieties, 9091, 9061 and 704, were grown over a 3-year period in a corn–soybean–wheat rotation. Surface soil samples (0–15 cm) were extracted with ion-exchange resins, extracts were analysed by inductively coupled plasma methods (ICP), and the results were regressed against seed yield using SAS PROC STEPWISE analysis using forward selection, backward elimination and maximum R² routines. The seed yield of each variety showed a correlation with a unique set of resin-extractable concentrations of V, phosphorus (P), Mg and Ca, and the V:(V + P), Mg:(Mg + Ca), Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) and Ca:(Ca + 1000 V) ratios. Variety 9091 was most sensitive to the Mg:(Mg + Ca) ratio. Variety 9061 was most sensitive to extractable V and to the V:(V + P) ratio. Variety 704 was sensitive to extractable P, V and Ca and the Mg:(Mg + 1000 V) ratio. For variety 9091, Mg fertilization (not currently practised) may be an economical practice, whereas P fertilization of 704 may not be economical. Each regression technique varied slightly in identification of important factors in seed yield. Concentrations and ratios of resin-extractable elements in soil provide insights into optimal genotype selection and possible management alternatives for a given soil.     

Long-term application of animal slurries to grassland alters soil cation balance

Abstract. Soil samples from a 32-year grassland field experiment were taken from 0–5, 5–10, and 10–15 cm soil depths in February 2002. Plots received annual treatments of unamended control, mineral fertilizer, three rates of pig slurry and three rates of cow slurry, each with six replicates. Samples were analysed for cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable cations (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), pH and Olsen P. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) was calculated as a sodicity indicator. Mean ESP was generally greater for slurry treatments than the control, with a trend of increasing ESP with application rate. This was particularly marked for cow slurry. At 0–5 cm depth ESP increased from 1.18 in the control to 1.75 at the highest rate of pig slurry and 5.60 at the highest rate of cow slurry. Similar trends were shown for CEC, exchangeable Na⁺, K⁺ and Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Olsen P. The build-up of soil P due to slurry applications, together with this combination of physical and chemical factors, may increase the risk of P loss to surface waters, particularly from soils receiving high rates of cow slurry.     

日粮中添加柑桔皮粉对产蛋后期蛋鸡钙磷代谢的影响

将 48周龄黄金褐蛋鸡 10只随机分成两组 ,对照组喂基础日粮 ,试验组用 2 5 %的柑桔皮粉等量替代基础日粮中的玉米 ,结果表明 :试验组钙磷表观代谢率为 65 79%、46 3 9% ,钙比对照组 (62 3 0 % )提高了 3 49个百分点 (P <0 0 5 ) ,磷比对照组 (4 7 5 2 % )降低了 1 13个百分点 (P >0 0 5 )。     

NaHCO3前处理对生物炭性质及其磷吸附能力的影响

为探究NaHCO₃前处理对不同种类生物炭性质及其磷吸附能力的影响,借助元素分析、光电子能谱、孔径分析、扫描电镜等手段对比处理前后秸秆、壳核及其他3类生物炭表面特性和孔结构的差异,基于吸附等温线和Freundlich与Dubinin-Radushkevich模型拟合,探讨生物炭性质控制磷吸附的机理。结果表明：NaHCO₃前处理总体提高了各类生物炭的比表面积和孔体积,增幅分别为2.70%～110.84%和1.42%～123.80%,提高其芳香性(C=C),H/C增幅为5.56%～29.41%,同时降低了极性官能团(C—O和C=O)含量,极性指数[(O+N)/C]降幅为13.18%～46.34%。原始生物炭的磷释放量范围为78.33～568.33 mg·kg^-1,NaHCO₃前处理显著增加各类生物炭对磷的吸附,使其表现出近似的磷吸附能力(Freundlich吸附系数K_F范围为119～254 mg^1-n·Lⁿ·kg^-1)...     

磷指数模型在美国的应用和发展

磷是植物生长必需的营养元素之一,在农业生产中起着关键作用。然而,长期过量的磷肥投入导致土壤磷素水平增加,进而加大了土壤磷素流失风险,造成农业非点源磷污染,同时这也成为导致水体富营养化的主要因素之一。因此,识别和管理农业非点源磷的流失风险关键区,成为面源污染亟待解决的关键问题。磷指数模型起源于20世纪90年代,是评估农田磷流失潜力和指导磷管理决策的重要工具之一。根据研究区特点,美国众多学者在各州设立了不同的磷指数指标体系,优化了磷指数的组成因子、计算方法和分级标准。本文对美国各州磷指数模型评价体系进行了综述和评价,指出了磷指数模型的局限性,提出了改进方向,以期为我国磷素管理方法提供借鉴。     

pH值对玄武湖沉积物中磷的释放及形态分布的影响

为了探讨pH值对沉积物中磷释放行为的影响,采用淡水沉积物中磷形态标准测试程序（SMT）研究了玄武湖沉积物中磷形态分布情况,并通过室内模拟实验研究了不同pH值条件下沉积物中不同形态磷的释放行为。结果表明,在玄武湖沉积物的总磷（TP）中,NaOH-P赋存比例最高（370.42～414.65mg·kg^-1）,其次是HCl-P（359.41～378.64mg·kg^-1）,有机磷（OP）含量最低（237.23～276.86mg·kg^-1）。酸性条件下,促进HCl-P的释放,NaOH-P的百分含率显著升高,而OP和HCl-P的百分含率则均明显下降;碱性条件下,促进NaOH-P的释放,HCl-P的百分含率升高,OP和NaOH-P的百分含率则均出现了下降现象。研究表明,pH值对沉积物中磷的释放以及磷形态在磷释放过程中的重新分布均具有重要影响。     

干渣吸附处理含磷污水的研究

采用批量平衡法,研究了水体磷浓度、干渣粒径和温度对干渣吸附除磷效果的影响,探讨了干渣对水体中磷素的选择性吸附特征及其饱和吸附磷素后的解吸释磷现象。结果表明,溶液浓度越高,干渣吸附除磷速率越慢,效率越低。磷浓度为6和12mg·L^-1时,作用20h后,除磷效率可达90%。干渣粒径越小,除磷速率越快,效果也越好,磷浓度为12mg·L^-1,吸附平衡后,30、60和100目干渣的除磷效率分别为80%、93%和96%。温度对干渣除磷效果的影响较大,磷浓度为12mg·L^-1,25和35℃时,除磷效率可达95%,但在5℃时,除磷效率仅为75%。干渣能够选择性地吸附去除水体中的磷素,适宜作为除磷吸附剂,处理多种含磷污水。     

桐梓县杂交玉米氮磷钾的合理配施效应

采用"3414"平衡施肥方案,在桐梓县肥力较高的小黄沙泥土上进行了杂交玉米的肥料效应田间试验.结果表明,增产效果最佳的肥料配方为处理6,即尿素32.6kg·667m-2、普钙62.5kg·667m-2、氯化钾26.7kg·667m-2;从经济效益分析来看,以低氮低磷中钾处理的肥料增产效益最好,其肥料的产/投比为2.42,其肥料配方为处理12(N1P1K2),即尿素13.6kg·667m-2、普钙31.25kg·667m-2、氯化钾13.3kg·667-2.     

氮磷追肥配施对云南松幼苗根系生长的影响

云南松是我国西南地区主要的造林树种,在区域经济发展和生态环境建设中发挥着重要作用。但目前云南松苗期生长缓慢,这使得云南松经济效益与生态效益的发挥受到了阻碍。氮磷添加是目前农林业促成培育中一种常见技术手段,通过对云南松苗木在不同氮、磷施肥处理下其生长状况的研究,以期为云南松苗木培育提供依据。本次试验以90d生的云南松幼苗为试验材料,对其进行氮磷根部追肥配施试验,比较不同氮磷浓度水平下云南松幼苗根系生长的变化规律。研究表明,氮磷配施后,随着氮磷用量的增加,云南松幼苗根冠比降低。地下部分的生长优势降低,地上部分的生长优势升高,且氮元素对于地上部分的增长作用强于磷元素。     

氮磷配施对旱地春小麦水分利用效率及水肥交互作用的影响

通过盆栽和多年田间定位试验,系统研究了旱地春小麦水肥交互效应和氮磷配施对土壤水分有效利用、作物蒸腾和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明,盆栽试验中水肥交互作用增产效果明显,水、肥利用效率分别提高124%和28.6%.在本试验水平下,水肥单位用量的产量互补效益为471.5∶7.0,即水肥主次效应的转换阈值为17.4%.当水分合量为19.7%,总施肥量为247.4 kg/hm2时(N:P2O3=1∶0.75),最高收入达4 970.0元/hm2.小麦收获时,施肥使0～200 cm土层有效水分利用率从44.9%提高到54.2%.N60P45、N120P90和N180P135处理较对照,蒸腾分别增加22.7、38.0和47.8 mm,蒸傲比值分别提高0.04、0.07和0.08,较对照籽粒蒸腾效率分别提高0.08、0.24和0.14 g/kg.氪磷配施提高了土壤有效水分的利用、作物的蒸腾效率和水分利用效率,提高作物的经济产量.因此,合理施肥是提高作物水分利用效率和农业生产水平的重要措施.