不同调酸剂对种植玉米红壤微生物群落的影响

为研究红壤微生物丰度和群落组成对不同调酸剂的响应,分析影响碳/氮关键代谢过程微生物的变化,通过盆栽实验,设置不施肥（CK）、钙镁复合剂（L）、钙镁复合剂配施猪粪（ML）和钙镁复合剂配施秸秆（SL）4个处理,采用宏基因组测序技术,分析土壤细菌、真菌和古菌以及碳/氮代谢关键过程微生物。结果表明：L、ML和SL处理显著提高土壤pH值和交换性钙/镁,显著降低土壤交换性酸。调酸剂增加了细菌优势菌中的变形菌门相对丰度,降低了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度;降低了真菌优势菌中的毛霉菌门相对丰度;增加了古菌优势菌中的广古菌门和深古菌门的相对丰度,降低了奇古菌门的相对丰度。冗余分析结果显示,速效钾是影响土壤细菌和真菌群落结构的主要环境因子,土壤pH和有机碳是影响土壤真菌和古菌群落结构组成的关键因子。碳代谢过程的贡献度方面,变形菌门的贡献度在SL处理中最高,放线菌门和芽单胞菌门的贡献度在ML处理中最高。氮代谢过程中,各处理绿弯菌门对硝化作用的贡献率均超过80%。调酸降低了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门在反硝化与硝酸盐异化还原过程中的贡献度,L与SL处理的变形菌门贡献度低于ML处理,而ML处理的放线菌门贡献度高于L与SL处...     

玉米秸秆水热生物炭施用对土壤重金属Cd生物有效性和微生物群落的影响

为了探究玉米秸秆水热生物炭（简称水热炭）施用对镉（Cd）污染土壤的修复效果及作用机制,通过盆栽试验,分析了不同水热炭在不同添加率下（1%和 3%）对土壤 Cd生物有效性和作物吸收的影响,并探究了不同条件下的微生物群落结构。结果表明：与对照相比,水热炭施用显著提高了土壤有机质和溶解性有机碳含量,土壤中二乙烯三胺五乙酸提取的Cd（DTPA-Cd）和油菜叶片 Cd含量分别降低了 5.01%~20.98%和 10.82%~34.16%。提高水热温度和水热炭添加率有助于降低土壤 DTPA-Cd含量。此外,施用水热炭显著增强了根际土壤细菌的多样性和丰度,且明显改变了微生物群落结构。与对照组相比,施用水热炭显著降低了根际土壤中Actinobacteriota的相对丰度,提高了Proteobacteria和Bacteroidota的相对丰度。冗余分析表明土壤溶解性有机碳含量是影响根际土壤细菌群落结构的关键因素。因此,水热炭对重金属污染土壤有很大的修复潜力,但其对土壤重金属的长期效应有待进一步研究。     

不同轮作模式对稻田土壤肥力和微生物群落结构的影响

为了探索不同水稻轮作模式对稻田土壤微生物群落结构的影响,以及与土壤养分供给的关系,本研究采用高通量测序技术对3种不同轮作模式下（水稻-小麦轮作、水稻-紫云英轮作、水稻-休耕）土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构变化进行分析,并进一步探讨了微生物群落结构与土壤养分含量之间的相互关系。结果表明：水稻-紫云英轮作模式能够明显改善稻田土壤的综合肥力,紫云英连续翻压还田后显著提高了土壤中总氮（TN）和有效氮（AN）的含量。土壤微生物群落结构方面,不同种植模式对细菌群落结构的影响大于真菌。水稻-紫云英轮作模式中优势菌群如酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）和子囊菌门（Ascomycota）等的富集有助于促进土壤生态系统的养分循环与生态健康。不同种植模式条件下土壤养分的变化如TN、AN、总钾（TK）及速效钾（AK）等可能是导致土壤细菌和真菌群落结构发生变化的主要驱动因素。稻田土壤中细菌群落结构对于土壤养分变化的敏感性要高于真菌。综合来看,水稻-紫云英轮作模式是更加适合水稻生态可持续栽培的种植模式,能够明显改善稻田土壤的综合肥力和土壤微生态环境。     

长江安庆江段存在溯河洄游型和淡水定居型刀鲚实证研究

为了探究长江十年禁渔后安庆江段刀鲚的生境履历,利用X射线电子探针微区分析技术研究安庆江段不同类型长颌刀鲚(Coilia nasus)和短颌刀鲚的耳石Sr和Ca微化学特征。结果显示,根据耳石Sr/Ca值的变化值将安庆江段的短颌刀鲚分为2类,一类是其比值为一直小于3.0的低值,表明其纯淡水的生境履历;另一类是其比值不仅有小于3.0的低值区,还有大于3.0的高值区(小于7.0),表明其不仅有淡水的生境履历,还有高盐度的河口半咸水生境履历。长颌刀鲚的耳石Sr/Ca值均具有小于3.0的低值区和大于3.0 (甚至大于7.0)高值区的显著波动,表现为典型的淡水、河口半咸水及海水的溯河洄游型生境履历,Sr含量面分析图谱也可印证上述结果。本研究表明,长江安庆江段刀鲚群体组成较为复杂,同时存在溯河洄游型、淡水定居型短颌刀鲚和溯河洄游型长颌刀鲚3种生态表型个体。     

毛竹入侵对落叶阔叶林土壤理化性质和胞外酶活性的影响

【目的】研究毛竹（Phyllostachys edulis）入侵亚热带北缘落叶阔叶林对土壤理化性质和土壤胞外酶活性的影响,为探究毛竹入侵条件下森林生态系统养分循环过程与固碳潜力及森林的毛竹入侵治理提供科学依据。【方法】在毛竹入侵样带上,选择落叶阔叶林（麻栎林Quercus acutissima）、竹阔混交林（混交林）和毛竹林3种林分为研究对象,采集其林下地表0~10 cm土壤,进行土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性的测定,包括土壤pH、含水率和有机碳、全氮、NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N、全磷、有效磷含量,以及β-葡糖苷酶（BG）、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）、酸性磷酸酶（AcP）、酚氧化物酶（POX）、过氧化物酶（PER）活性和酶计量(V_C/N、V_N/P、V_C/P),比较不同林分的土壤指标。【结果】①随着毛竹入侵,毛竹林土壤pH值和含水率显著增大,且与混交林、麻栎林差异显著（P<0.05）;其土壤有机碳、NO^-₃-N和全氮含量显著下降（P<0.05）,NH⁺₄-N、有效磷和全磷含量与混交林、麻栎林差异不显著。②土壤碳、氮和磷循环相关的水解酶（BG、NAG+LAP、AcP）活性均随毛竹入侵呈下降趋势,氧化酶（POX、PER）活性变化趋势与之相反;酶计量分析表明,毛竹林土壤的V_N/P显著低于混交林和麻栎林（P＜0.05）,而V_C/N、V_C/P在不同林分间差异不显著。③酶活性的矢量分析表明,毛竹林土壤微生物的磷限制程度高于混交林和麻栎林。④土壤水解酶活性与土壤有机碳、NO^-₃-N、全氮、有效磷含量或pH有显著相关关系,氧化酶活性与土壤性质相关性总体不显著。【结论】毛竹林取代落叶阔叶林（麻栎林）后,土壤有机碳和养分含量及相关水解酶活性降低,不利于原有落叶阔叶林土壤碳库与养分库的保存。     

细胞色素C氧化酶的纯化及动力学性质研究

采用硫酸铵分级沉淀和CytochromeC -Sepharose 4B亲和层析 ,从牛心线粒体中纯化了细胞色素C氧化酶 (CytochromeCOxidase ,简称CCO ) ,其比活性为 1 7 88s- 1 ·mg- 1 ,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳为一条带 ,血红素A (HemeaA)含量达到 1 5 4nmol/mg。纯化后的CCO具有典型的CCO特征 ,还原态CCO峰值出现在 60 5nm和 443nm ,氧化态CCO峰值出现在 598nm和 42 4nm。CCO的稳态动力学参数Vm1、Km1、Vm2 、Km2 分别为 1 42s- 1 、 0 53μmol/L、 2 71s- 1 、 1 81 μmol/L。     

Microbial biomass and respiratory activity in soil aggregates of different sizes from three beechwood sites on a basalt hill

We studied the effects of aggregates of different sizes on the soil microbial biomass. The distribution of aggregate size classes (<2, 2–4, 4–10, >10 mm) in the upper mineral soil horizon (A_h layer) was very different in three sites (upper, intermediate, lower) in a beechwood (Fagus sylvatica) on a basalt hill (Germany). Aggregates of different sizes (<2, 2–4, 4–10 mm) contained different amounts of C and N but the C:N ratios were similar. C and N contents were generally higher in smaller aggregates. The maximum initial respiratory response by microorganisms in intact aggregates and in aggregates passed through a 1-mm sieve declined with the aggregate size, but the difference was more pronounced in intact aggregates. Disruption of aggregates generally increased this response, particularly in 4- to 10-mm aggregates in the lower site. Basal respiration differed strongly among sites, but was similar in each of the aggregate size classes. Aggregate size did not significantly affect the specific respiration (g O₂ g^–1 microbial C h^–1) nor the microbial: organic C ratio, but these parameters differed among sites. Microbial growth was increased strongly by passing the soil through a 1-mm sieve in each of the aggregate materials. The growth of microorganisms in disrupted aggregates was similar, and the effect of aggregate disruption depended on the growth of microorganisms in intact aggregates.     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

微生物菌肥与化学肥料配施对盈江省藤生长的影响

为了解不同肥料种类及其施肥量对盈江省藤生长的影响,采用L₉(3⁴)正交试验设计对其2年生幼林进行连续3年的微生物菌肥与复合肥和磷肥配施试验。结果表明,3年中不同因素的各水平组合间苗木的地径、株高、叶片数和冠幅均呈现极显著的差异(P<0.01)。施用复合肥和磷肥总体呈现显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)地抑制盈江省藤生长的现象。不同肥料配施试验组合的地径、株高和叶片数均大于对照的相应指标。试验期间,单施微生物菌肥0.3~0.6 g/株即可满足盈江省藤生长的需求。