Direct and Residual Contributions of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes to the Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.) in the Nigerian Savannah

Field experiments were conducted to determine the direct and residual contributions of legumes to the yield and nitrogen (N) uptake of maize during the wet seasons of 1994 and 1995 at the University Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria, located in the Northern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. Nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram contributed to the yield and N uptake of maize either intercropped with the legumes or grown after legumes as a sole crop. Direct transfer of N from the nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram to the intercropped maize was 24.9–28.1, 23.8–29.2, 19.7–22.1 and 18.4–18.6 kg N ha^–1, respectively. However, the transfer of residual N from these legumes to the succeeding maize crop was 18.4–20.0, 19.5–29.9, 12.0–13.7 and 9.3–10.3 kg N ha^–1, respectively. Four years of continuous lablab cropping resulted in yields and N uptake of the succeeding maize crop grown without fertilizer N that were comparable to the yields and N uptake of the succeeding maize crop supplied with 40–45 kg N ha^–1 and grown after 4 years of continuous sorghum cropping. It may therefore be concluded that nodulating soybean, lablab, green gram and black gram may be either intercropped or grown in rotation with cereals in order to economize the use of fertilizer N for maize production in the Nigerian savannah.     

Impact of pig slurry on soil properties, water salinization, nitrate leaching and crop yield in a four-year experiment in Central Spain

Abstract. The repeated application of pig slurry to agricultural soils may result in an accumulation of salts and a risk of aquifer pollution due to nitrate leaching and salinization. Under Mediterranean conditions, a field experiment on a sandy loam soil (Typic Xerofluvent) was performed with maize (Zea mays) in 1998, 1999 and 2001 to study the effects of applying optimal (P1) and excessive rates (P3) of pig slurry on soil salinization, nitrate leaching and groundwater pollution. The rate of pig slurry was established considering the optimal N rate for maize in this soil (170, 162 and 176 kg N ha^?1 for 1998, 1999 and 2001, respectively). Pig slurry treatments were compared to an optimal N rate supplied as urea (U) and a control treatment without N fertilizer (P0). The composition of the slurries showed great variability between years. Mean NO₃^? leaching losses from 1998 to 2001 were 329, 215, 173 and 78 kg N ha^?1 for P3, P1, U and P0 treatments, respectively. The amount of total dissolved salts (TDS) added to the soil in slurry application between 1998 and 2001 was 2019 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P1 treatment and 6058 kg TDS ha^?1 for the P3 treatment. As a consequence, the electrical conductivity (EC) of the slurry‐treated soils was greater than that of the control soil. The EC correlated significantly with the sodium concentration of the soil solution. Over the entire experimental period, 2653, 2202 and 2110 kg Na ha^?1 entered the aquifer from the P3, P1 and P0 treatments, respectively. The P3 treatment did not significantly increase grain production in 1999 and 2001 compared with that achieved with the optimal N rate treatment (P1). This behaviour shows the importance of establishing application guidelines for pig slurry that will reduce the risk of soil and groundwater pollution.     

减氮对麦玉轮作农田土壤反硝化细菌群落结构和多样性的影响

探究减氮对华北地区麦玉轮作农田土壤反硝化细菌群落结构和多样性影响,为华北地区麦玉轮作农田氮肥管理提供技术支持,本研究以不施氮为对照（CK）,设置 2个施氮量,分别为常规施氮量（纯氮 300 kg·hm^-2,N2）、减氮 20%（纯氮 240 kg·hm^-2,N1）,提取土壤DNA,用nirS（细胞色素cd1-亚硝酸还原酶）、nirK（Cu-亚硝酸还原酶）引物扩增后采用MiSeq PE300测序技术,研究施氮量对麦玉轮作农田土壤性状及nirS、nirK反硝化细菌群落结构及多样性的影响。结果表明,3个处理nirS、nirK反硝化细菌α-多样性指数无显著差异,nirS反硝化细菌α-多样性高于nirK。减氮显著影响nirS、nirK反硝化细菌物种组成。减氮对nirS、nirK反硝化细菌门水平及nirK纲水平物种组成无显著影响,但显著降低了nirS反硝化细菌Deltaproteobacteria（δ-变形菌纲）相对丰度;减氮显著影响nirS、nirK属水平物种组成。硝态氮、速效磷、pH值是影响土壤nirS反硝化细菌属水平群落结构主要环境因子;pH值是影响土壤nirK反硝化细菌属水平群落结构的主要环境因子。研究表明,适量减氮不影响反硝化细菌α-多样性,但显著影响反硝化细菌属水平群落组成和群落结构,减氮主要是通过影响土壤性状及微生物群落结构进而影响农田土壤N₂O排放。     

广西糯玉米品种种质构成及穗部性状选育探讨

对2011-2022年广西审定的173个糯玉米品种进行分析,研究广西糯玉米品种种质来源、构成,探析品种选育路径。结果表明,广西糯玉米主要种质由A (宜山糯)类、B (京科糯2000)类、C (万糯2000)类、D (燕禾金2000)类、E (中糯1号)类、F (中糯2号)类、G (衡白522)类、H (华珍)类、I (花甜糯179)类、J (NA群体)类、K (NB群体)类等11类种质构成,A、B类种质是广西糯玉米品种的基础种质。根据亲本主要种质类型,排除年份间的环境变化因素,可将93个品种归入AB等15个群组。各群组穗部性状相关分析表明,穗行数、穗粗与产量及其他穗部性状分别呈显著负效应及无显著效应,群组相关性受到种质组合及组配模式共同影响,通常情况下种质组合的影响力更强,涉及F类种质的群组则相反。因此,穗部性状选育重点要根据亲本主要种质类型确定。     

基于分期播种试验夏玉米延迟收获促进子粒灌浆和粒重增益效应

基于2019-2022年夏玉米播期试验资料,分析夏玉米生理成熟后延迟收获对子粒农艺性状改善、增产效应。结果表明,早播10 d至晚播20 d处理的有效灌浆结束日均比生理成熟期延后,子粒有效灌浆持续日数依次比其花后10 d至生理成熟期日数延长28～9 d,播期每推迟10 d延长日数减少6.3 d。子粒农艺性状有明显的改善,百粒重、穗粒重提高,子粒增产效应明显,理论产量增产率16.95%～7.66%,增产量1 960.36～681.51 kg/hm²,对照增产最多,比晚播10、20 d增产粮食多2.4～2.9倍。为华北地区提高气候资源利用效率和粮食生产提质增效提供参考。     

不同时期一次性施肥对夏玉米产量和氮肥效率的影响

在河南省鹤壁和原阳采用田间试验,研究不施氮(CK)、种肥同播(T1)、5叶期一次性施肥(T2)和10叶期一次性施肥(T3),对夏玉米生长发育、氮素积累转运及产量的影响,明确夏玉米包膜尿素1∶1配施普通尿素适宜的一次性施肥时期。结果表明,鹤壁和原阳T1处理产量最高,分别为12 700 kg/hm²和10 945 kg/hm²,但与T2处理间差异不显著,较T3处理分别提高14.2%和10.9%;干物质积累量较其他处理分别提高5.6%～25.1%和1.6%～21.2%。不同生育期T1处理叶片SPAD值和叶面积指数均达最高。鹤壁和原阳T1氮肥表观利用率最高,分别为35.2%和35.5%,较其他处理分别提高5.6～14.7个百分点和3.2～13.6个百分点;氮素积累量较其他施氮处理分别提高13.8%～34.5%和14.5%～41.5%。T1处理土壤氮素依存率低于T2和T3处理。综上,种肥同播提高了夏玉米产量、氮肥效率、叶片SAPD值和叶面积指数,保持较高的氮素吸收速率,降低了土壤氮依存率,满足夏玉米整个生育期的氮素需求,实现了夏玉米高产和高效施肥。     

不同生态区玉米自交系苞叶与穗轴同步发育特性研究

2022-2023年在河南和海南以玉米自交系驻85、驻136、ZM3358为试验材料,研究自交系苞叶与穗轴同步发育特性。结果表明,河南苞叶驻85第1～7 d伸长迅速,速增期与ZM3358一致,低于驻136;穗轴,驻85第1～11 d急剧伸长。海南苞叶ZM3358伸长速增期为13 d,比驻85、驻136延长2～3 d;穗轴ZM3358伸长渐增期最长为19 d,显著高于驻85、驻136。河南苞叶驻85宽度持续变宽,驻136苞叶宽度第11 d开始增幅变缓,ZM3358苞叶宽度速增期最短为7 d;穗轴粗度驻136第1～17 d持续变粗,第19 d稍有下降。海南ZM3358苞叶宽度速增期为13 d,驻85、驻136苞叶宽度速增期均为9 d;驻85穗轴粗度速增期最长为19 d,苞叶与穗轴可保持同步发育特性。     

宁夏地区春玉米灌溉需水量特征研究

【目的】提高宁夏地区春玉米的灌溉效率,优化农业资源配置。【方法】依据宁夏地区11个站点1960-2019年的气象资料,确定宁夏地区年际及春玉米生育期不同水文年型的有效降雨量;然后,利用ET₀ Calculator软件计算参考作物腾发量,并结合作物系数法计算作物需水量,求得宁夏地区年际及不同水文年型下春玉米各生育期的作物需水量、灌溉需水量、耦合度和水分盈亏指数。【结果】1960-2019年间,宁夏地区年有效降雨量波动较大(158.5~424.2 mm),北部引黄灌区、中部干旱带和南部山区春玉米生育期有效降雨量分别为123.9,205.4和334.4 mm。宁夏全区春玉米生育期需水量为482.0~690.7 mm,其中南部山区和中部干旱带春玉米需水量有降低趋势,而北部引黄灌区有增大趋势。北部引黄灌区、中部干旱带和南部山区春玉米灌溉需水量分别为566.8,413.0和147.6 mm;在枯水年、平水年和丰水年宁夏全区春玉米灌溉需水量分别为448.5,378.9和317.0 mm。南部山区降雨对作物需水量的满足程度最高,耦合度为0.70,是北部引黄灌区的3.89倍。【结论】宁夏南部山区应以集雨技术为基础发展雨养玉米种植;北部引黄灌区和中部干旱带需要大力发展节水灌溉,其中在北部引黄灌区春玉米大喇叭口期、抽雄期和乳熟期需要分别补灌87.2,79.6和275.6 mm,在中部干旱带需要分别补灌65.7,62.4和212.8 mm。     

测土配方施肥对玉米产量和养分利用率的影响

研究测土配方施肥对玉米生长性状、产量、经济效益和养分利用率的影响,进而指导阿克苏市玉米科学合理施肥,提高化肥利用率,减少化肥投入,实现玉米化肥减量增效的目标。以金谷玉6号玉米为试验材料,设置不施肥(CK)、无氮(PK)、无磷(NK)、无钾(NP)和氮磷钾(NPK)5个处理,在收获期对玉米株高、径粗、穗长、穗粒数、百粒重、产量、平均产值、净收入和养分利用率等指标进行测定。实验结果表明:全年施肥量为尿素29.78kg/667m2,重过磷酸钙25kg/667m2,硫酸钾10.4kg/667m2,对玉米的生长、产量和经济效益均有促进作用。玉米氮肥的利用率为36.26%,磷肥的利用率为17.39%,钾肥的利用率为41.99%。     

黄淮海地区不同种植结构下点蜂缘蝽的发生规律

为明确大豆-玉米带状间作种植模式对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris发生规律的影响,2023年在山东省大豆单作田中进行诱捕效果试验,筛选诱捕效果最好的诱捕器对黄淮海地区山东、河南和安徽3个省6个市不同种植模式下点蜂缘蝽的发生动态进行监测。结果显示,风叶型诱捕器对点蜂缘蝽的诱捕效果最佳。在大豆单作田内点蜂缘蝽的发生高峰期为7月中旬—8月中旬,此时大豆正值盛花-始荚期。在大豆-玉米带状间作田内点蜂缘蝽的发生动态与大豆单作田的无明显差异,但点蜂缘蝽发生数量及高峰期发生时间可能与杀虫剂的施用时间和次数密切相关。