规模化奶牛场粪污危害、处理及循环利用模式

随着我国奶牛养殖业发展规模的壮大,规模化奶牛场数量持续增加,但奶牛场粪污污染问题也日益凸显。本文结合自身工作经验,首先分析了规模化奶牛场粪污的危害性,然后从雨污分离、固液分离和干清粪工艺对规模化奶牛场粪污处理方式进行概述,最后从厌气（厌氧）发酵获得沼气、微生物发酵用作饲料和生产生物有机肥三种不同模式介绍模化奶牛场粪污的循环利用操作,以期为规模化奶牛场粪污高效利用提供借鉴。     

益生菌安全性及风险评估研究进展

综述了近几年公开发表的一些研究结果,就益生菌的安全性和已经报道出的潜在危害性及其影响作了介绍,探究了益生菌安全性评价方法,并对今后研究的发展方向作了简要分析。     

The 1997-1998 classical swine fever epidemic in The Netherlands--a survival analysis

The aim of this analysis was to characterise the temporal pattern of infection during the 1997/98 classical swine fever (CSF) epidemic in The Netherlands and hence identify and quantify risk factors for infection in different enterprise types and areas. Survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to describe the epidemic. Substantial differences in temporal survival patterns (herd breakdown rate) were found between areas where different control policies operated. Factors with a significant influence on the infection hazard of individual herds included: sow numbers as a percentage of total sows and fatteners (HR = 3.38 for mixed herds (0.1–60% sows) vs. fattening herds (0% sows) and HR = 2.74 for breeding herds (60–100% sows) vs. fattening herds), the number of ‘transport contacts per month’ (>0.3 vs. <0.3; HR = 4.11), pig density (pigs/km²) in the area (HR_{1000 pigs} 1.48) and herd size (HR_{100 pigs} = 1.01).

Pre-emptive slaughter in an area appeared to be associated with lower subsequent disease levels. Higher frequency of transport contacts for welfare slaughter during the epidemic, however, well regulated and controlled, was associated with a substantially higher risk of becoming infected. The positive association of a higher pig density with CSF indicates the potential importance of local spread as a factor in disease transmission and emphasizes that dilution of the pig population can contribute to reduction in CSF occurrence. This analysis suggests however, that if pre-emptive slaughter can promptly be applied effectively in an area after initial diagnosis, pig density is then not a significant factor. Mixed and breeding herds had a higher probability of becoming infected than fattening herds, possibly due to different types and frequencies of inter-herd contacts. These contacts continue to some extent during the epidemic, despite the standstill of animal movements.     

奶牛养殖业中黄曲霉素污染和预防控制

奶牛摄入含有较高黄曲霉菌及毒素的饲料,奶牛代谢功能受到损害,抑制免疫机能,使得乳房炎增加,产奶量下降及奶牛体质下降。黄曲霉毒素B1在奶牛体内转换为黄曲霉毒素M1,并分布在牛奶中,人食用含有超标黄曲霉毒素Ml的牛奶后,能使人发生肝炎、肝癌[1]。作者从事奶牛科学养殖技术服务工作,为了预防和控制奶牛场黄曲霉毒素的危害,提供有关黄曲霉素危害、预防控制措施,有一定的利用性。     

夏蜡梅天然群体表型变异及分布特征

选取夏蜡梅自然分布区8个群体,对花部、叶部、果部和种子的22个性状进行了系统调查与分析,以揭示夏蜡梅天然群体的表型变异特征及变异规律。结果显示:夏蜡梅天然群体存在丰富的表型变异,20个表型性状在群体间与群体内差异均达到极显著水平(P0.01),平均变异系数为12.15%(6.40%～45.87%),平均表型分化系数为41.87%(1.14%～85.07%),群体内变异(58.13%)大于群体间变异(41.87%);夏蜡梅花色(外被片颜色)表现为白、浅粉、粉、粉红4种类型,不同群体间各花色比例各有不同;各表型性状与生态因子间相关性分析结果显示,22个表型性状中有8个和生态因子呈显著相关。通过表型性状UPGMA聚类分析可以将8个群体划分为4个类群,表型性状分化体现为连续性的地理分布格局。     

螺旋属(Helicotylenchus)线虫两个中国新记录种

对我国部分地区的花卉线虫进行了调查和鉴定,并根据形态特征和测量值,从中分离鉴定出埃及螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus egyptiensis Tarjan,1964)和小头螺旋线虫(Helicotylenchus microcephalus Sher,1966)两个中国新记录种.     

基于格点资料的1961−2018年中国霜冻灾害时空变化规律

以1961−2018年长时间序列的格点化气象数据替代以往研究中站点数据,通过趋势分析和聚类分析等方法,研究中国区域内适合格点数据的霜冻辨识阈值、霜冻发生时间及霜冻强度的时空变化规律,以在气候变化背景下合理利用气候资源,降低霜冻灾害给农业生产造成的损失。结果表明：（1）日最低气温0℃相比日最低气温2℃作为阈值辨识初/终霜冻和无霜期的空间分布更加合理。（2）1961−2018年中国大部分地区初霜冻日期推后（1～3d·10a−1）,终霜冻日期提前,无霜期增加（1～3d·10a−1）。（3）不同强度的霜冻年累计发生次数在中国北方有微弱增加态势,在南方呈现明显的减少趋势。其中,晚霜冻不同霜冻强度年发生频次高于早霜冻。（4）以霜冻日期和霜冻发生频数为标准进行中国霜冻灾害区划,全国可分为亚热带、暖温带、中温带、寒温带和青藏高原5个分区。其中,以青藏高原不同霜冻日期变化最为剧烈。整体上,中国区域的气候变暖对于霜冻灾害的发生在时间、空间和强度上有明显的减弱效果。     

桑树赤锈病的发生与防治

调查广西宜州市桑树赤锈病发生状况,分析桑树赤锈病发生特点及规律,针对宜州市桑树赤锈病大面积发生状况,提出有效地防治措施。     

新疆头屯河流域不良地质现象分布特征及成因分析

 根据实地考察和观测资料,对新疆头屯河流域不良地质现象分布特征进行分析。结果表明:头屯河流域不良地质现象主要发生在流域中游地带,出现时间的分布受降雨条件控制,集中出现在降雨期。不良地质现象受自然环境多因素的影响和制约,是地质、地貌、地表物质组成、地震活动、水文气象、植被条件以及人类活动等诸因素作用的结果。流域不良地质现象的发育,为流域河道来沙提供了大量的物质基础,根据流域自然环境和不良地质现象的活动分布状况,从生物、工程和社会3方面提出了防治措施。     

Meat Juice Serology and Improved Food Chain Information as Control Tools for Pork‐Related Public Health Hazards

The seroprevalence of Salmonella spp., pathogenic Yersinia spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp. was studied in 1353 finishing pigs from 259 farms that were allocated according to farm types: large fattening farms (≥1000 pig places), small fattening farms (< 1000 pig places) and farrow‐to‐finish farms. The antibodies were analysed with commercial ELISA kits in meat juice samples that were collected at Finnish slaughterhouses. Salmonella antibodies were rare (3% of pigs, 14% of farms) when the cut‐off optical density (OD) value 0.2 was used. Antibodies to pathogenic Yersinia spp. and T. gondii were detected in 57% of pigs and 85% of farms (OD ≥0.3) and in 3% of pigs and 9% of farms (OD ≥0.15), respectively. No antibodies to Trichinella spp. were detected (OD ≥0.3). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considers Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica, T. gondii and Trichinella spp. as the most relevant biological hazards in the context of meat inspection of pigs. The seroprevalence of these important zoonotic pathogens was low in Finland, except that of Yersinia. The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma was significantly higher in pigs originating from small‐scale fattening farms (P < 0.05). Strong positive correlation was observed at the animal level between Salmonella and Yersinia seropositivity and between Salmonella and Toxoplasma seropositivity (P < 0.05). We suggest that these results reflect the level and importance of biosecurity measures applied on the farms. Meat juice serology at slaughter is a useful tool for targeting measures to control these pathogens. The information obtained from analyses should be used as part of the food chain information (FCI).