Approaches to Configuration Determinations of Flexible Marine Natural Products: Advances and Prospects

Flexible marine natural products (MNPs), such as eribulin and bryostatin, play an important role in the development of modern marine drugs. However, due to the multiple chiral centers and geometrical uncertainty of flexible systems, configuration determinations of flexible MNPs face great challenges, which, in turn, have led to obstacles in druggability research. To resolve this issue, the comprehensive use of multiple methods is necessary. Additionally, configuration assignment methods, such as X-ray single-crystal diffraction (crystalline derivatives, crystallization chaperones, and crystalline sponges), NMR-based methods (JBCA and Mosher’s method), circular dichroism-based methods (ECCD and ICD), quantum computational chemistry-based methods (NMR calculations, ECD calculations, and VCD calculations), and chemical transformation-based methods should be summarized. This paper reviews the basic principles, characteristics, and applicability of the methods mentioned above as well as application examples to broaden the research and applications of these methods and to provide a reference for the configuration determinations of flexible MNPs.     

主伐对森林景观结构和空间分布格局影响的研究

本文用不同尺度分析了采伐对森林景观的影响。通过对景观组成单元的类型、总体景观比例随海拔梯度的分布格局、景观内各组份水平分布的隔离度等比较表明，采伐后自然重建的景观与原生景观无显著差异，森林景观对采伐干扰具有渐进稳定性。各景观单元均属聚集性分布。景观内部结构的多样性、均匀度有一定提高，景观优势度有所降低。采伐使景观单元破碎化，出现重组现象。采伐引发的景观单元转移概率因类型不同而异；松栎混交林景观单元在其生态区位内稳定性强，对采伐有负反馈效应；华山松为优势的景观单元采伐后明显扩大，以铁杉为主的景观单元也有类似情况；弱度干扰的红桦、云、冷杉景观单元结构稳定并有所扩展。     

复叶中小叶主叶脉及其生长角的提取

复叶中小叶的生长角度可作为特征参数识别复叶植物。首先利用改进的Sobel算子和中值滤波提取复叶叶轴和小叶的主叶脉,进而利用Hough变换线性检测获取复叶叶轴和小叶主叶脉的直线,利用所检测的直线计算得到小叶的生长角度。此外,对基于Hough变换线性检测的适用性进行探讨,发现Hough变换线性检测可以很好地适用于小叶主叶脉呈直线的复叶;但对于小叶主叶脉呈现弯曲状时,Hough变换线性检测时会出现明显的缺陷,需要采用外接矩形方法提取小叶的生长角度。提取结果表明,所采用的算法可以有效地提取复叶中小叶的生长角度。     

Use of hinged circular fixator constructs for the correction of crural deformities in three dogs

Background Hinged circular external skeletal fixator constructs are used to perform sequential correction of angular limb deformities, often with resultant limb segment lengthening, via distraction osteogenesis. Although there are several reports describing the use of these constructs for correction of antebrachial deformities in dogs, there is little information regarding their use on other limb segments. This report describes the use of hinged circular fixator constructs for the correction of acquired crural deformities in three skeletally immature dogs. Case reports Two dogs had purely frontal plane deformities (one valgus, one varus) and the third dog had frontal (valgus) and sagittal (recurvatum) components to its deformity. At the time of long‐term evaluation, frontal plane angulation relative to the contralateral limb improved from 40° to 22° of valgus, 30° to 5° of valgus, and 20° to 1° of varus in the three individual dogs. Tibial length discrepancies of 12% and 22% that were initially present in two dogs were improved to 6% and 10%, respectively, of the contralateral tibial length at the time of final evaluation; both dogs had compensatory growth of the ipsilateral femur and all dogs had an excellent functional outcome. Conclusion These cases illustrate the value of using hinged circular fixator constructs for correction of crural angular deformities, particularly when length discrepancies of the tibia are present.     

红外光谱结合聚类分析鉴别青海枸杞产地

采用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）对枸杞样品产地模式进行鉴别.用常规预处理方法和小波变换法对红外光谱原始数据进行了预处理,利用聚类分析对已预处理后的红外光谱数据进行分析.聚类分析将12份样品聚为枸杞主产地和非主产地两大类,取得了较满意的分类效果.红外光谱法结合聚类分析法可作为枸杞产域分类鉴别的一种新的适用方法.     

层次分析法在畜牧业循环经济综合评价中的应用

对畜牧业实行循环经济的综合评价是衡量畜牧业可持续发展程度的重要措施。采用层次分析法的原理建立畜牧业循环经济综合评价的数学模型,对层次分析法的具体流程进行详细描述,同时对层次分析法存在的一些问题进行总结。通过相应的实例,证明层次分析法在畜牧业循环经济综合评价中应用的可行性,对畜牧业相关部门在制定政策时能起到决策支持的作用。     

循环经济理念下绿色饲料产业的机遇和挑战

传统经济对工业进步的推动作用不可小觑,但这种传统的经济理念在改变人们生活方式的同时也带来了资源的破坏.这种环境和经济发展不平衡的现象影响了未来人类的生存环境与经济发展方式.对此,建立循环经济理念,以可持续的资源保护方式推动产业发展,走资源循环路线非常重要.本文从循环经济的理论基础着手,探讨了循环经济与绿色饲料产业之间的...     

面向循环经济的畜禽养殖发展思路

本文阐述了循环经济的特征及其运行模式，分析了传统畜禽养殖业的污染现状及其原因，讨论了面向循环经济的畜禽养殖业应遵循的三大原则，即减量化、再利用和资源化，对畜禽养殖技术、废物利用技术进行了探讨，提出畜禽养殖业应该走循环经济的发展模式，通过研制生态饲料及废物综合利用，达到畜禽粪便的减量化、资源化和无害化。     

Characterization of plant-derived water extractable organic matter by multiple spectroscopic techniques

Water extractable organic matter (WEOM) derived from fresh- or early-stage decomposing soil amendment materials may play an important role in the process of organic matter accumulation. In this study, eight WEOM samples extracted with a 40:1 (v/w) water to sample ratio from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), lupin (Lupinus albus L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and dairy manure were investigated using ultraviolet (UV)–visible, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), solution ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and solid state ¹³C NMR spectroscopies. UV–visible and FT-IR spectra of the plant-derived WEOM samples were typical for natural organic matter, but possessed less humic-like characteristics than dairy manure-derived WEOM. Solution ³¹P NMR spectra indicated that WEOM samples extracted from alfalfa, corn, and soybean shoots contained both orthophosphate and monoester P. Of the monoester P in WEOM from soybean shoot, 70% was phytate P. WEOM from crimson clover, hairy vetch, lupin, and wheat shoots contained orthophosphate only. The solid-state ¹³C NMR spectra of the seven plant-derived WEOM samples indicated that they all were primarily composed of sugars, amino acids or peptides, and low molecular mass carboxylic acids. Carbohydrates were dominant components with very few aromatics present in these samples. In addition, WEOM from crimson clover and lupin, but not other three leguminous plant WEOM samples, contained significant asparagine. On the other hand, WEOM from corn and wheat contained less amino acids or peptides. The spectra of WEOM of dairy manure revealed the presence of significant amounts of nonprotonated carbons and lignin residues, suggesting humification of the manure-derived WEOM. Significant carbohydrates as well as aromatics were present in this WEOM. The P and C bonding information for these WEOM samples may be useful for understanding the effects of WEOM on soil nutrient availability to plants. Trade or manufacturers' names mentioned in the paper are for information only and do not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or exclusion by the USDA-ARS.