山下黑猪与鲁莱黑猪正反交F1代杂种优势的估计

旨在估计山下黑猪和鲁莱黑猪正反交F₁代杂种优势，筛选出合适的杂交方式，以提高优质肉猪的生产效率，满足人们对于优质猪肉的需求。本研究在山下黑猪（164头）和鲁莱黑猪（69头）及其正（6头山下黑猪♂×25头鲁莱黑猪♀）、反（3头鲁莱黑猪♂×35头山下黑猪♀）交4个群体中测定了生长肥育、体尺外貌（75～110 kg）、繁殖和胴体肉质（90～115 kg）4大类共43个性状，比较了这些性状在群体间的差异，并估计了正反交F₁代的杂种优势。结果表明，山下黑猪的生长肥育和体尺性状较好，鲁莱黑猪的繁殖和肉质性状较好，正反交群体介于它们之间。正交群体的繁殖性能优于反交群体，但生长肥育性能比反交差。由于这4个群体的母猪都是纯种，因此繁殖性状没有表现出明显杂种优势。除膘厚、胸椎数、45 min pH和剪切力无显著的杂种优劣势外，大部分胴体性状和肉质性状有明显的杂种劣势。生长肥育性状的杂种优势在正反交群体中的表现不一致，反交群体表现出显著杂种优势，而正交则无明显的杂种优势。本研究估计了山下黑猪和鲁莱黑猪正反交的杂种优势，为筛选山下黑猪和鲁莱黑猪的最佳杂交方式奠定基础。     

Nutritional approaches to slow late finishing pig growth: implications on carcass composition and pork quality

Although pork producers typically aim to optimize growth rates, occasionally it is necessary to slow growth, such as when harvest facility capacity is limited. In finishing pigs, numerous dietary strategies can be used to slow growth so pigs are at optimal slaughter body weights when harvest facility capacity and/or access is restored. However, the impact of these diets on pork carcass quality is largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of dietary strategies to slow growth in late finishing pigs and evaluate their effects on carcass composition and pork quality. Mixed-sex pigs (n = 897; 125 ± 2 kg BW) were randomly allotted across 48 pens and assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (n = 8 pens/treatment): (1) Control diet representative of a typical finisher diet (CON); (2) diet containing 3% calcium chloride (CaCl₂); (3) diet containing 97% corn and no soybean meal (Corn); (4) diet deficient in isoleucine (LowIle); (5) diet containing 15% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) from soybean hulls (15% NDF); and (6) diet containing 20% NDF from soybean hulls (20% NDF). Over 42 d, pen body weights and feed disappearance were collected. Pigs were harvested in 3 groups (14, 28, and 42 d on feed) and carcass data collected. From the harvest group, 1 loin was collected from 120 randomly selected carcasses (20 loins/treatment) to evaluate pork quality traits. Overall, ADG was reduced in CaCl₂, Corn, and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). However, ADFI was only reduced in CaCl₂ and 20% NDF pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Feed efficiency was reduced in CaCl₂ and Corn pigs compared with CON (P < 0.001). Hot carcass weights were reduced in CaCl₂ pigs at all harvest dates (P < 0.001) and were reduced in Corn and 20% NDF pigs at days 28 and 42 compared with CON pigs (P < 0.001). In general, CaCl₂ and 20% NDF diets resulted in leaner carcasses, whereas the Corn diet increased backfat by 42 d on test (P < 0.05). Loin pH was reduced and star probe increased in CaCl₂ pigs compared with CON pigs (P < 0.05); no treatments differed from CON pigs regarding drip loss, cook loss, color, firmness, or marbling (P ≥ 0.117). Overall, these data indicate that several dietary strategies can slow finishing pig growth without evidence of behavioral vices. However, changes to carcass composition and quality were also observed, indicating quality should be taken into consideration when choosing diets to slow growth.     

高通量测序解析冰鲜刀鲚细菌群落变化特征

为了研究养殖刀鲚冰鲜保存过程中细菌群落组成及变化情况,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序方法对冰鲜条件不同贮藏时间（0、3、6、9、12、15、18 d）刀鲚肌肉样本细菌的16S rRNA基因的2个高变区（V3—V4）进行测序,比较其细菌多样性及门、属水平的细菌相对丰度,并进行主成分分析、Heatmap分析以及特定腐败菌分析。结果显示,7组样品细菌分布于40门787属,冰鲜条件下刀鲚肌肉的优势致腐败菌属为假单胞菌、微杆菌属和气单胞菌属。主成分分析显示,刀鲚腐败前后的微生物结构存在差异。Heatmap图分析显示新鲜样本的细菌丰度最大。3组冰鲜贮藏6 d前的样品群落结构较相似。贮藏12 d时常见致腐菌（微杆菌属、假单胞菌属、气单胞菌属）占比显著提高,其细菌的多样性及丰富度最低。随着冰鲜保存时间的延长,刀鲚肌肉的细菌菌落结构产生了动态变化。冰鲜保存6～9 d后刀鲚肌肉的细菌菌落结构变化较大,研究结果可以为预测冰鲜刀鲚货架期提供参考。     

抗氧化剂及壳聚糖对减轻辐照猪肉异味的影响

将茶多酚、芝麻酚、壳聚糖单独以干粉或溶液的形式与猪肉混合均匀,经辐照后低温4℃±1℃冷藏,研究抗氧化剂对辐照异味的影响。结果表明,添加茶多酚和芝麻酚干粉对减轻猪肉辐照异味有一定的作用,但添加不匀易造成局部变色或其他附带味道;添加中高浓度茶多酚和芝麻酚溶液在贮藏前期辐照味较轻,贮藏后期出现难闻的气味,茶多酚和芝麻酚减轻异味最佳浓度为0.01%。     

酱卤肉制品连续式传输轨道关键技术研究

通过研究钢板式、PU式、网带式、双节距式等不同类型的传送装备对酱卤肉制品感官、微生物指标的影响,确定最佳传送装备为双节距式传送装备,以设备清洗方便性、清洗后食品接触面微生物水平、产品外观完整性为评价指标,调整并确定双节距间隙为0.5 cm;根据产品完整性和产能,确定双节距最佳传送速度15 m/min,显著提高了工作效率,同时提高了产品的感官特性。     

响应面法优化PSE猪肉低温香肠配方

通过单因素试验,考察了卡拉胶、转谷氨酰胺酶(TG酶)及大豆分离蛋白对PSE猪肉低温香肠质构特性和感官品质的影响。结果表明,单独添加卡拉胶、TG酶或大豆分离蛋白可以显著改善PSE肉低温香肠的硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性。在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面试验优化得出PSE猪肉低温香肠的最佳改良剂添加量为:卡拉胶占总料0.5%,TG酶0.6%,大豆分离蛋白3%,按此配方制得的产品切面光滑、紧密,软硬适中,肉香浓郁,具有较高的感官评分。     

重庆猪肉(肝)中几种抗生素类药物残留研究

本文对重庆市猪肉(肝)中青霉素、氯霉素、四环素和磺胺类等抗生素类药物残留进行分析研究,从中可以看出抗生素残留现象在重庆市猪肉中还普遍存在,且有的还非常严重。对如何控制抗生素残留提出了一些对策。     

基于多维关联规则的猪肉价格波动影响因素分析及预测建模研究

【目的】我国是猪肉生产及消费的大国,近年来,猪肉价格波动呈现频率加快、幅度增大的趋势。猪肉价格波动不仅增加农户收益的风险性,也在一定程度上影响广大民众的生活。正确识别猪肉价格波动的影响因素并对猪肉价格波动进行科学预测,有助于确保市场健康平稳运行。【方法】运用多维关联规则定量分析生猪养殖加工产业链、替代品市场、宏观经济环境变化、突发性事件和国际市场环境等5方面共16种因素与猪肉价格波动的关联和影响程度,将挖掘得到的高相关因素作为模型输入变量,运用支持向量回归机构造提前多步的猪肉价格波动预测模型。【结果】与猪肉价格波动关联程度最高的前3位因素是生猪疫病、生猪价格和仔猪价格,置信度分别为1.00、0.93和0.82;对猪肉价格影响程度最大的前3位因素是生猪疫病、猪肉产量和出栏猪肉量,提升度分别为1.84、1.67和1.67。相较于基准预测模型,将12个高相关影响因素作为模型输入,均方根误差减少29.11%,平均绝对百分比误差减少16.00%。【结论】使用多维关联规则进行变量筛选,不仅能减少模型的变量个数,还能有效提高模型的预测精度。鉴于生猪疫病对猪肉价格波动的关键影响作用,政府相关管理部门应...     

Fertilization rate,motility, lipid peroxidation and pH changes after chilled storage of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs and spermatozoa by a RMPI medium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1,640 medium on chilled storage of eggs and spermatozoa of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). After 3 days of storage, eggs in RPMI 1,640 media (pH 8.2, 9 and 10), Cortland medium and coelomic fluid were inseminated with fresh spermatozoa (Experiment 1). Eggs in RPMI 1,640 medium at pH 8.2 shown the lowest thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS, 0.053 ± 0.003 nmol/ml) and pH changes (from 8.20 ± 0.01 to 8.18 ± 0.01), the highest fertilization rate (82 ± 3%). Undiluted and diluted spermatozoa at ratios of 1:2 and 1:9 with RPMI 1,640 media (pH 8.2, 9 and 10) and Cortland medium were inseminated with fresh eggs (Experiment 2). Spermatozoa in RPMI 1,640 medium at pH 9 (1:9) caused the lowest TBARS content (0.037 ± 0.002 nmol/ml) and pH changes (from 9.00 ± 0.01 to 8.98 ± 0.01), the highest fertilization rate (77 ± 2%) and motility parameters. Based on Experiments 1 and 2, eggs and spermatozoa were stored for another 3 days in RPMI 1,640 medium at pH 8.2 and 9 (1:9) respectively (Experiment 3). Fertilization rate of storage eggs and spermatozoa in Experiment 3 was 79 ± 5%, showing successfully storage of rainbow trout gametes with the same medium.     

Heritability and genetic correlation estimates of semen production traits with litter traits and pork production traits in purebred Duroc pigs

We estimated heritabilities of semen production traits and their genetic correlations with litter traits and pork production traits in purebred Duroc pigs. Semen production traits were semen volume, sperm concentration, proportion of morphologically normal sperms, total number of sperm, and total number of morphologically normal sperm. Litter traits at farrowing were total number born, number born alive, number stillborn, total litter weight at birth, mean litter weight at birth, and piglet survival rate at birth. Litter traits at weaning were litter size at weaning, total litter weight at weaning, mean litter weight at weaning, and piglet survival rate from birth to weaning. Pork production traits were average daily gain, backfat thickness, and loin muscle area. We analyzed 45,913 semen collection records of 896 boars, 6,950 farrowing performance records of 1,400 sows, 2,237 weaning performance records of 586 sows, and individual growth performance records of 9,550 animals measured at approximately 5 mo of age. Heritabilities were estimated using a single-trait animal model. Genetic correlations were estimated using a 2-trait animal model. Estimated heritabilities of semen production traits ranged from 0.20 for sperm concentration to 0.29 for semen volume and were equal to or higher than those of litter traits, ranging from 0.06 for number stillborn and piglet survival rate at birth to 0.25 for mean litter weight at birth, but lower than those of pork production traits, ranging from 0.50 for average daily gain to 0.63 for backfat thickness. In many cases, the absolute values of estimated genetic correlations between semen production traits and other traits were smaller than 0.3. These estimated genetic parameters provide useful information for establishing a comprehensive pig breeding scheme.