Radiation Balance Components of Maize Hybrids Grown at Various Plant Densities

Components of the energy and heat balances were examined in two maize hybrids grown at three different plant densities (40, 70 and 100 thousand plants per hectare). One of the hybrids was drought tolerant, while the other was bred for cultivation under irrigated conditions. An increase in plant density influenced not only the size of the leaf area, but also the distribution of the leaves at various plant heights. The extinction coefficient, which provides a quantification of radiation penetration, was higher in the irrigated treatments. By contrast to the other two treatments, the plant canopy in the thinly sown stands remained open throughout the vegetation period, and thus behaved quite differently to the closed stands, making it impossible to compare them. Smaller albedo values were recorded for the hybrid bred for irrigation and in thinly sown stands. The low plant density allowed more energy to reach the soil, from which it was reflected, making a considerable contribution to the final temperature in the stand. The latent heat, in keeping with the quantity of water transpired, was the greatest in the densely sown stands. There was little difference between the latent heat values of the normal and dense stands in either hybrid, indicating that they both had a similar sensitivity to increased stand density. If sufficient water is available it would appear that the stand density could be increased even for the drought-tolerant hybrid.     

大针茅根系构型对草地退化的响应

本研究对锡林郭勒典型草原区轻度、中度、重度和极度4个退化梯度草地中大针茅(Stipa grandis)根系构型进行研究。结果表明,1）根分叉数、根表面积和总根长3个参数是分析大针茅根系构型在不同退化程度草地中变化的主要指标,其中根分叉数对该变化的解释力最强,3个参数的累积贡献率为90.7%;2）从轻度、重度到极度退化程度的草地系列中,大针茅的根系构型小型化趋势明显;3）中度退化程度的草地中大针茅根系构型小型化特别明显;4）根系构型小型化最终导致整个植物体小型化,因此在群落退化演替进程中大针茅的建群种作用逐渐减弱并最终为其他优势种取代。     

Morphometric Study of the Equine Navicular Bone: Age-Related Changes and Influence of Exercise

Navicular bones from the four limbs of 95 horses, classified in 9 categories, were studied. The effects of age on navicular bone morphometry and histomorphometry were estimated, after adjustment of the data to even out the effects of front and rear limbs, morphometrical type, sex, weight, and size.All the external measurements of the navicular bone decreased significantly with increasing age. From the histomorphometrical data, cortical bone volume decreased with age in most horses, whereas cancellous bone volume and, in particular, the marrow spaces increased. The increase in the cancellous bone volume could have resulted from tunnelling of the internal part of the cortex, which converted it progressively into a porous trabecular-like structure. Trabecular bone volume also decreased with age and the trabecular lattice changed dramatically to become disconnected in aged horses. These observations corresponded closely to those reported for ageing of the skeletal system in humans.However, in sporting horses, the navicular cortical bone volume increased with age and the cancellous bone volume decreased. Exercise appeared to have decreased bone resorption and increased bone formation at the endocortical junction. The cancellous bone architecture was also improved, in that the trabecular lattice and trabecular bone volume remained unchanged in aged sporting horses. Our findings confirmed that exercise may be good practice to prevent age-related bone loss.     

园林布局中必然性和偶然性要素的辩识与运用

阐释了园林构成要素中的必然性要素和偶然性要素及其相互关系与运用意义；以昆明世博园中“齐鲁园”为例，辩识了“齐鲁园”中必然性与偶然性园林要素，分析了诸要素在特定园林环境布局中的运用。     

Comparison of collagen content, distribution and architecture among the pectoralis, iliotibialis lateralis and puboischiofemoralis muscles with different myofiber composition in Silky cocks

The total amount of collagen, the relative distributions of types I and III collagens in perimysium and endomysium, and the collagen fiber architecture were compared among the pectoralis (PT), iliotibialis lateralis (ITL) and puboischiofemoralis (PIF) muscles in Silky cocks. All of the myofibers in the PT muscle were type IIB, the myofibers in the ITL muscle were divided into type IIA, 41.7% and IIB, 58.3%, and the PIF muscle was composed of type I, 24.6%; IIA, 64.6%; and transitional, 10.8%. The total amount of collagen differed significantly among the PT (2.92 mg/g), PIF (4.20 mg/g) and ITL (8.06 mg/g) material, where only the PIF was a whole muscle with epimysium. On the image analysis of the immunohistochemical preparations, the percentage area of perimysial collagen to the total area in each type differed significantly among the PIF, PT and ITL muscles, where it was 26.8, 50.0 and 74.4% for the type I collagen and 27.4, 32.9 and 61.7% for the type III collagen, respectively. In the scanning electron micrography of the perimysium in macerated preparations, thick bundles of collagen fibers were observed in the ITL muscle, thinner but broad platelets in the PT muscle, and a coarse tissue of thinner collagen fibers in the PIF muscle. However, the endomysial fabric of collagen fibrils was similar among the muscles. Small, transverse collagen fibers, which branched off from the thicker perimysia, occupied narrow interendomysial spaces and separated the primary myofiber fasciculi. The results indicate that the ITL muscle, localized in the distorted and overextended part of the leg and subject to strong external forces, had highly developed perimysial collagen fiber bundles, but the ITL endomysial collagen architecture was similar to that of the PT and PIF muscles.     

株型形成及牧草株型相关研究进展

牧草育种工作是草牧业可持续发展的重要基础,目前除了应用传统育种的方法外,应用分子育种方法也取得一些突破性进展,特别是在抗逆性分子育种研究上取得了一定的实际性成果。株型是综合的农艺性状,是影响植物群体结构及产量形成的重要性状。现在株型在一年生作物株型分子机理及调控网络等方面已进行了深入系统的研究,而对于牧草株型调控机理研究颇少,大多研究是在与产量相关性状及其基础性分子育种等方面。针对影响植物株型形成因素及其机理进行了归纳总结,并对牧草株型性状相关研究进展进行了综述,最后简要评述了当前在牧草株型育种研究上所存在的关键问题,提出了相关建议,并指出可借鉴作物株型育种前沿研究方向制定牧草株型育种的研究策略。     

辽宁省草原资源管理系统建设研究

辽宁省草原资源管理系统综合应用地理信息、数据库和网络信息技术,以辽宁省1∶250000和1∶50000比例尺的电子地图为基础本底数据,结合实地调查的草原GPS数据和草原属性数据建立了辽宁省草原地理信息数据库,采用B/S辅以C/S架构构建系统,设置了系统设置、专题管理、统计分析、项目管理、文献管理和权限设置等模块,涵盖了草原资源、属性、工程、灾害、监测、知识、文献和报表等信息,为草原管理提供了系统、高效、便捷和直观的网络信息交互平台,对于提高辽宁省草原资源管理水平、实现草原数字化与信息化管理具有重要意义。     

清代桂林环碧园平面复原研究

环碧园是清代桂林著名私家园林,时人赞誉其“不减辋川之胜”“不减淮浙盐商诸家”,但其形迹今已不存。根据《桂游日记》《白鹤洞图》等资料,将景观名称及方位信息转变为平面信息,逐步推导环碧园的选址布局和景观结构,复原出环碧园的平面示意图,并在此基础上分析其空间布局及造园特色,发现环碧园的造园选址巧妙,纳天然洞穴于园中;依托桂林的真山真水造园;在园林布局和建筑营造上突出功能性。     

南京市绿地规划发展方向初探--以南京市绿地系统规划（2013-2020）为例

对最新版本的《南京市绿地系统规划》(2013-2020)进行分析与研究，综合相关规划文件，对南京市近几年绿地规划、建设内容进行回顾与评价，总结南京市在绿地规划方面的可取与不足之处。对南京城市的历史沿革、山水格局、绿地现状、自身定位、发展趋势进行思考，结合国内政策、国外理念等因素统筹地对南京未来的绿地发展方向进行展望与研究，包括绿地宏观布局层面、中观联系层面、微观建设层面3方面。