水稻对硅元素吸收特性研究

[目的]研究水稻对硅元素的吸收特性。[方法]以水稻为材料,采用水培试验,设置0.085、0.850 mmol/L 2个硅水平,明确水稻对硅的吸收模式。[结果]在2个硅处理下水稻在12 h的总吸硅量明显高于蒸腾吸硅量,二者都随着时间的延长逐渐升高,并且蒸腾吸硅量占总吸硅量的比值表现为高硅浓度处理高于低硅浓度处理;2个处理在6 h内的硅吸收都受到了代谢抑制剂和低温的抑制,并且表现为高硅浓度的抑制程度低于低硅浓度的抑制程度;2个处理在12 h内木质部汁液硅浓度随时间的延长逐步升高,而外部溶液硅浓度随时间的延长逐步降低,并且木质部汁液硅浓度比外部溶液的硅浓度高数倍。[结论]水稻对硅的吸收存在主动吸收和被动吸收2个过程,尤其在高硅浓度处理下,被动吸收更不能忽视。     

氮、磷、钾、硅肥配施对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响

在大田条件下 ,应用四因素五水平二次正交回归组合设计方法 ,研究了山西石灰性草甸土壤合理施用氮、磷、钾、硅肥对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明 :氮、磷、钾、硅肥的合理配施对水稻产量的形成有极显著的促进作用 ,四因素与产量的主效应回归方程为y =6973.5+2 4 89x 1+7.912x 2 +7.388x 3 +7.0 4 72x 4 。氮肥主要是通过影响有效穗、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重而促进产量的形成 ,磷肥主要是通过影响有效穗、穗粒数而促进产量的形成 ,钾肥主要是通过影响有效穗、结实率而促进产量的形成 ,硅肥主要是通过影响千粒重、结实率、穗粒数、有效穗而促进产量的形成     

硅对赤红壤中锰的解毒效应研究

采用培养试验方法研究了硅肥对酸性土壤中锰毒性的影响, 旨在为酸性土壤锰毒害的防控提供科学依据。结果表明,甘蔗的根际效应明显, 根际土壤中的pH值、有效硅含量较低而活性锰及水溶态锰、交换态锰、有机结合态锰、碳酸盐结合态锰、铁锰氧化态锰含量均显著高于土体。然而,施用硅肥(偏硅酸钠)后,土壤活性锰含量和水溶态、交换态尧、机结合态锰含量均显著降低, 但是硅肥对根际土壤锰含量和形态的效应弱于土体;并且,施用硅肥使甘蔗地上部锰含量(47.1~112.1 mg/kg)显著降低, 并且有随着硅肥用量(0.5~2.1 g/kg)增加而降低的趋势;虽然硅肥的施用也减少甘蔗地上部铁的含量, 但铁锰比值却从对照的2.51 增加至2.92~5.72 之间。因此,施用硅肥后甘蔗株高、总生物量分别提高4.07%~15.24%、8.41%~28.03%。可见, 硅肥的施用减轻了酸性土壤中锰的毒害。     

红壤蔗区土壤有效硅的空间变异特征

在一块面积约24 km2的低丘红壤蔗区中,测定了土壤表层175个土样的土壤有效硅含量,结果表明有效硅平均含量较低(117.7mg/kg),变异系数为中等变异强度。地统计学的空间结构分析表明,土壤有效硅存在中等程度的空间相关性,变程为5 km。Kriging方法绘制的等值线图显示,土壤有效硅的空间分布呈明显的斑块状,与地形分布有一定的相关性。通过估计值标准差分布图增补采样点可提高插值精度,为施肥管理提供依据。     

环洞庭湖区稻田土壤中硅分布特征及其影响因素

[目的]研究环洞庭湖区稻田土壤中有效硅的空间分布特征及其变化规律,以期为环洞庭湖区精准农业的发展、农田的保养提供科学依据和实践指导。[方法]运用地统计学与GIS技术相结合的方法开展研究。[结果]环洞庭湖区土壤中有效硅的含量与水稻产量呈显著的正相关,硅是水稻生长所需的重要营养元素。环洞庭稻田土壤有效硅平均含量为155.1mg/kg,多集中于100~200mg/kg。有效硅含量变幅大,最低与最高含量相差27倍,在研究区域空间上呈中间高四周低,西北最低的分布格局。土壤有效硅具有较强的空间相关性,其空间变异主要受土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、成土母质等因素影响。[结论]硅在水稻生长发育中起着重要的作用。不同的土壤类型所处的自然地理环境不一样,土壤有效硅含量各异,土壤有效硅的丰缺程度受土壤成土母质的影响并与土壤pH值成显著的正相关。     

麦秆表面硅含量分布的研究

利用ESCA研究了麦秆表面在不同温度下和经氩离子刻蚀后Si元素含量的变化。结果表明：在麦秆横切面上，Si元素含量中间层（接近麦秆外表面）含量较高；随着温度的升高，麦秆表面Si元素含量先降低而后增加，在选定的几个温度中，170℃和220℃时Si含量最低；麦秆表面经氩离子刻蚀后，由外及里，随着氩刻的加深，Si含量呈现升高趋势。麦秆中Si元素存在的化学环境与聚甲基硅氧烷中Si的化学环境比较接近。     

Mg2Si单轴应变的结构和电子性能

基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算方法研究了Mg2 Si半导体沿[001]方向单轴应变下的结构、力学性质以及电子性质.计算结果表明：无应变时晶格参数和弹性常数与其他理论及实验值吻合的很好.施加应变后,其与应变方向垂直的晶格常数随应变值呈近似线性变化.通过应力-应变曲线和Born力学稳定性判据,确定了Mg2Si化合物在拉伸、压缩过程中的稳定范围和理想强度.Mg2Si的电子布居和电子态密度分析,表明Si-Mg之间的显示离子键特性,并给出了在拉伸压缩过程中Mg和Si原子轨道电子对总的态密度影响.     

Ni—Si—B系非晶合金的结晶度与退火时间的关系

对Ｎｉ６４Ｓｉ１５Ｂ２１非晶合金条带在２５０℃不同退火时间下的结晶度进行了测定。得到了结晶与度火保温时间呈抛物线关系的实验规律。     

Silicon nutrition of tomato and bitter gourd with special emphasis on silicon distribution in root fractions

Two plant species, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), were used for in‐depth studies on the dynamics of silicon (Si) uptake and translocation to the shoots and compartmentation of Si in the roots. The experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solutions, which were partly amended with 1 mM Si in the form of silicic acid. At harvest, xylem exudates were collected, and Si concentrations and biomass of roots and shoots were determined. Mass flow of Si was calculated based on the Si concentration of the nutrient solution and transpiration determined in a parallel experiment. Plant roots were subjected to a fractionated Si analysis, allowing attributing Si to different root compartments. Silicon concentrations in the roots compared to the shoots were higher in tomato but lower in bitter gourd. A more ready translocation from the roots to the shoots in bitter gourd was in agreement with Si concentrations in the xylem exudates which were higher than in the external solution. In tomato, the xylem‐sap Si concentration was lower than in the nutrient solution. Calculated Si mass flow to the root exceeded Si uptake in tomato, which was consistent with the measured accumulation of Si in the root water‐free space (WFS). In contrast, Si concentration in the root WFS was lower than in the nutrient solution in bitter gourd, reflecting the calculated Si depletion at the root surface based on the comparison of Si mass flow and Si uptake. Within the roots, more than 80% of the total Si was located in the cell wall and less than 10% in the cytoplasmic fractions in tomato. In bitter gourd, between 60% and 70% of the total root Si was attributed to the cell‐wall fraction whereas the proportion of the cytoplasmic fraction reached more than 30%. Our results clearly confirm that tomato belongs to the Si excluders and bitter gourd to the Si‐accumulator plant species for which high Si concentrations in the cytoplasmic root fraction appear to be characteristic.     

硅锰结合施用对红壤水稻铁毒害的矫正

Based on the fact that Fe toxicity which is usually characterized by leaf oranging and low yield can be obviously subdued by application of Si or Mn due to counteraction.between Fe and Si or Mn.A pot experiment was conducted with four treatments of CK,Si,Mn and Si Mn to further study the effect of combined application of Si and Mn on rice growth on red earths.Water-soluble SI,Fe and Mn were measured.and electron probe was used to study Si,Mn,Fe and Ca in root cross sections.Combined application of Si and Mn could increas water-soluble Si and Mn but reduce water-soluble Fe,thus being favorable for correctiong Fe toxicity.Electron probe study showed obvous differences of Si,Fe,Mn,and Ca in rice roots between CK and the other three treatments.The combined applicatioin of Si and Mn could reduce leaf oranging and improve rice growth.The Si Mn treatment had a higher plant height,lower number of oranging leaves and a 25.0% higher rice yield than CK and showed a better effect on rice growth than the treatment of sole Si or Mn.