智慧图书馆微观知识生态系统运行机理研究

伴随多元化时代的来临,用户的知识需求日益多元化、专业化,对图书馆服务提出了新的挑战。对智慧图书馆微观知识生态系统运行机理的研究,能够为新型知识服务提供理论基础,保障知识资源进行有效的优化整合,实现服务升级。文章在简要分析智慧图书馆微观知识生态系统四大要素的基础上,着重从社会发展、技术进步,知识富集、优化调整和需求驱动、服务升级三方面探讨其形成动因,重点分析智慧图书馆微观知识生态系统的生命周期,最后从合作、循环和保障三方面探讨其运行机理。     

Soil quality assessments in integrated crop–livestock–forest systems: A review

Integrated crop–livestock–forest is a promising strategy to improve soil quality. It comprises four different integrated farming systems: crop–livestock, crop–forest, forest–livestock and crop–livestock–forest. This work systematically reviewed studies about integrated crop–livestock–forest systems and soil quality. A total of 92 papers were retrieved from the Web of Science—Clarivate Analytics platform, and the following information was analysed: publication year, institution, region of the studied site, type of integrated system, soil type, tillage system, maximum soil depth and the soil quality indicators assessed. Most studies were published in the second half of the 2010s. Brazil is a prominent focus of research about soil quality and integrated crop–livestock–forest systems, with significant contribution from its central and southern regions. The Embrapa was the main publishing institution, present in over one‐third of the studies. Crop–livestock was the most common integrated system, Ferralsols was the most common soil group, and most of the studied soils were clayey. No tillage was the main tillage system. Most studies focused on the topsoil, assessing physical and/or chemical soil quality indicators. More emphasis on biological indicators of soil quality is required, as well as assessments integrating biological, physical and chemical indicators of soil quality. Future works should compare different integrated systems, including assessments deeper in the soil profile, especially in systems with the forest component, and also in sandy and silty soils. Soil quality indicators that have been rarely used should be further tested. Novel indicators should be added to better understand the promotion of soil quality by integrated crop–livestock–forest systems.     

Getting cosy in freshwater: Assumed to be brackish pike are not so brackish after all

Pike (Esox lucius) occupy coastal streams and rivers of the Baltic Sea, where they attain large sizes (>5 kg). These large sizes are perhaps due to the fact that they can tolerate relatively high salinities and can thus forage in the nearby more productive brackish environments. In an attempt to quantify the extent to which pike utilise brackish environments, and to provide some insight into the underlying causes for brackish water migrations, we tagged 30 pike from a western Baltic river with acoustic transmitters and were able to track 21 individuals for 1 year. Based on experienced from local anglers, this population was assumed to be brackish in nature, where individuals underwent freshwater migrations to spawn. Our findings however suggest that the smallest and most active individuals make short exits into brackish waters and do so on rare occasions. Our results further indicate that neither sex nor size is related to activity level. We suggest that these patterns reflect two distinct behaviours—active and passive—and that large pike can be supported by the food availability in the river, without the need to venture into coastal zones, thus defying the conventional view that Baltic pike are all brackish in nature.     

西藏山南地区草地资源及其合理利用

由于对西藏山南地区草原状况缺乏全面认识，未能合理利用，出现了草原退化等一系列问题。为了合理开发利用草地资源，通过调查提出：调整畜群结构，推行草场有偿承包责任制，开展季节性畜牧业，建立草地农业生态系统等建议。     

Construction and Development of the Dagangshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station

Established by the former Ministry of Forestry in 1986, Dagangshan Forest Ecosystem Research Station is one of the 14 national key sites in the field of ecosystem research. In this paper, the basic situation of Dagangshan Forest Ecosystem Station is described, including geographic location, natural conditions, biological resources, research conditions, instruments, achievement, prospects etc.     

上黄村草地生态系统能流和物流的初步研究

上黄村草地土壤生态系统能量投入主要是动力投入,无营养物质投入。人工草地能量产出占总能量产出的50％以上,而面积仅占总面积的20％～52％；草地能量投入具有起伏性,产出具有波动性。草地土壤生态系统营养物质移出是草地土壤肥力退化的根本原因,无营养物质投入的人工草地更加剧了营养物质的迁出及土壤肥力的退化。     

额尔齐斯河流域生态系统格局及变化

本文首先对额尔齐斯河流域气候，地貌，水文等环境因子特征进行了评述，进而阐述了流域生态系统的特征和格局以及在自然和人为干扰作用下的变化。分析结果表明在自然干扰作用下流域生态系统的格局与流域水文情势变化相适应，处于准稳定变化状态，而在人为对流域水文情势扰动下，流域生态系统的格局间接地受到影响。从而产生新的格局，其作用的强度，持久性和生态系统的格局变化程度过错大于大于自然干扰作用下的变化。引额调水工程对额尔齐斯河流域河谷生态系统内部单元格局变化具有重要影响。     

天山北麓的水资源利用与绿洲稳定性-以玛纳斯河流域为例

玛纳斯河是天山北麓最大的河流流域 ,玛纳斯流域拥有天山北麓最大的绿洲 ,以玛纳斯河流域绿洲为研究对象 ,来分析天山北麓水资源的利用对流域绿洲稳定性的影响。天山北麓自然环境体现为山地 -绿洲 -荒漠复合生态系统。绿洲是干旱区所特有的一类景观 ,它是一个人工与自然的复合生态系统 ,它作为发育在干旱气候大背景下的隐域性的自然景观 ,水分条件是决定其存在和发展的基础。天山北麓地区人类活动历史悠久 ,对水资源利用的影响较大 ,也是引起天山北麓绿洲演变、分布变化及其稳定性的重要因子。处于不同地貌位置的绿洲 ,由于其水资源特点不同 ,绿洲的稳定性以及绿洲演变规律也有所区别。总的来说 ,绿洲的稳定性由其内部与外部生态系统的结构、功能及生态过程决定 ,直接关系到区域社会经济的持续发展 ,水资源状况及利用是关系到天山北麓绿洲稳定性的关键性因素。合理利用水资源 ,可保持绿洲面积的稳定性 ,绿洲分布的稳定性 ,以及绿洲生态系统结构、功能的稳定性 ;水资源利用不当会导致绿洲内部土地发生大面积次生盐渍化 ,绿洲外围则由于生态用水不足加之人为破坏 ,使作为绿洲屏障的过渡带转变成生态断裂带 ,威胁绿洲的稳定性。利用工程技术方法和工程管理方法解决好灌区水利工程存在的问题 ;实施高新技术?     

我国梯田农业生态系统文化服务研究热点与趋势

梯田农业生态系统是全球和中国重要农业文化遗产的重要组成部分。为探讨国内梯田农业生态系统文化服务的研究热点和发展态势,本研究利用CiteSpace软件,以CNKI数据库中我国2001—2020年1 403篇与梯田农业生态系统文化服务相关的文献为研究对象,讨论其研究现状、进展和热点。结果表明,发文量整体呈现波动式上升趋势,涉及新工科、新文科等多学科交叉领域研究。研究热点演化具有缓慢发展、快速发展、提升和优化发展的3个阶段性特征,并与国家相关政策及学科发展等有很大关联。梯田文化多样性、服务管理与应用、价值评估等宏观与微观研究主题讨论不断深化,研究态势从早期相对独立的稻作文化和梯田文化,转变为赋能乡村振兴的梯田农业生态系统文化服务,同时梯田可持续管理的研究力度有所加大。本研究回顾和梳理了我国梯田农业生态系统文化服务的研究进展与核心议题,以期为该领域研究和乡村振兴战略实施提供参考依据。