Energy partitioning influenced by tree spacing

An energy partitioning experiment was set-up within an experimental agroforest site at Cloich forest, near Edinburgh. Measurements of turbulent heat fluxes were made – during non stress conditions – both directly by eddy-covariance techniques and in the case of latent heat flux indirectly through closure of the energy budget equation. These measurements were made simultaneously in the thinned plots (one plot at a time) and a reference plot to eliminate differences due to external atmospheric conditions. Observed values of Bowen ratio ranged from 1 to 3.5, with significantly lower values in the thinned plots compared with those measured in the reference plot. On separation of the Bowen ratio into its two components, it was found that sensible heat flux remained constant between plots. The latent heat flux, however, increased as the tree density was reduced. A simple model of the evaporation from the forest plots based on the Penman-Monteith equation and incorporating an under-storey component was developed and was able to accurately replicate the observed results. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Influence of Turbulence Characteristics on the COD and NH3 N Degradation Capacity of Activated Sludge System

The distribution of turbulence intensity under different rotation speed was analyzed to seek micro indexes reflecting hydraulic conditions of active sludge system by PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) in a stirring SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor). Based on the SBR degradation capacity, flocs structure under different rotating speed of stirring paddle, the influences of turbulence intensity on the degradation capacity were studied, and the indexes of turbulence intensity in the main part of stirring zone and other parts were given. The results show that the specified degradation constant of the pollutants in the active sludge reactor increases firstly and then decreases with the increasing of turbulence intensity. The optimum indexes of turbulence intensity in the experiment are 1.4% of main part and 0.34% of other parts. The turbulence intensity indexes in the active sludge system reflect part differences of hydraulic conditions. The turbulence intensity has remarkable influence on the breaking up of active sludge in the main part of stirring zone, while it has good correlation with the collision and gathering of sludge flocs in other parts of the reactor.     

Simulation study of stochastic fluctuating wind field for wind turbine blades

The differences of the wind field model between wind turbines and common architectures are investigated. It is indicated that substantial frequency contents are transferred to rotor rotation frequency and its harmonics due to the periodic motions of blade. According to standard von Karman power spectral density (PSD) model and rotationally sampled PSD model, the PSD matrix for turbulence on blades of wind turbine is setup. The longitudinal turbulence’s time serials is simulated based on the superimposition of harmonic waves.     

荷电颗粒多相湍流数学模型的构建

随着静电喷雾技术的发展,对荷电多相湍流的研究也不断深入,由于这一流动现场极其复杂,模型构建的难度增大.在多相湍流模型建立的理论基础上,采用双流体模型,考虑湍流脉动与电场耦合作用,引入“体平均”概念,构建了荷电多相湍流数学模型.“双流体”多相湍流模型在工业领域模拟复杂湍流中的成功应用和不断发展,为荷电多相湍流提供了新的工程模拟模型和方法.在单相荷电流体湍流模型方程建立的基础上,根据“双流体”多相湍流模型建立的理论基础,把荷电颗粒当作拟流体处理,借用拟流体多相湍流描述方程建立的方法,推导了荷电颗粒拟流体多相湍流的描述方程,为进一步获得荷电颗粒拟流体多相湍流模型提供了基础.     

明渠河道紊流特性试验研究

利用室内矩形水槽，精细模拟了5个工况下的槽内水流运动，借助三维超声波多普勒测速仪（ADV）量测了不同垂线、不同测点的瞬时流速。从4个角度拟合矩形断面明渠沿垂线的流速分布，并计算了测点三维相对紊动强度和雷诺应力，分析其变化特征。试验结果表明：⑴脉动流速基本符合正态分布，纵向流速沿垂线分布大体成J型，但在近水面处有稍许降低，横、垂向流速较小，在0附近徘徊；⑵通过4种公式拟合发现，对数公式d对本试验结果拟合最好；⑶横、垂向相对紊动强度比较小，而纵向要大得多，且变化幅度也较大，纵向相对紊动强度受流量和水量影响；⑷雷诺应力垂线分布基本符合三角形分布，随着流量的减少或水量的增大，雷诺应力垂线分布平均值变小。     

专用堆型对应的核主泵正反转流动数值模拟

为了研究核主泵在定转速工况下的正反转特性,采用相似换算法,基于SST k-ω 湍流模型与块结构化网格,对缩比系数为0.5 的核主泵模型泵进行数值模拟.定义流量从泵进口流向出口为“+”,反之为“-”.在正转工况下分别对-0.8Q_d到+2.0Q_d流量范围内的16个工况点进行计算、反转工况下对-1.4Q_d到+1.0Q_d流量范围内的14个工况点进行计算,得到其全特性曲线.计算结果表明:在相同流量工况下,核主泵正转时的扬程与转矩总是高于反转时的扬程与转矩,叶轮扬程与泵扬程存在不同的变化趋势;在正转工况下,在 -0.1Q_d到+0.4Q_d流量范围内,叶轮扬程曲线呈现反“N”型变化趋势;在反转工况下,在-0.4Q_d到+0.1Q_d流量范围内,叶轮扬程曲线呈一个明显的“V”型变化趋势;叶轮出口处产生二次流回流现象,这是正转小流量工况下叶轮扬程降低的主要原因,而叶轮与导叶之间过渡段区域内的环形高速带和叶轮流道内的大尺度涡是反转小流量工况下叶轮扬程降低的主要原因.     

多孔介质壁面条件下微尺度流动的数值模拟

利用多孔介质模拟微通道壁面粗糙元,建立了一种新的微尺度化流场的数值模拟方法.多孔介质模型厚度由微通道壁面相对粗糙度折算,多孔介质的阻力系数由该区域内的流态及阻力计算;配合采用k-ε和k-ω多种形式的湍流模型,对边长为600μm的方形断面微通道流场在雷诺数分别为100和300的情况下进行了数值模拟计算.通过模拟结果与Micro-PIV测量数据的对比分析发现,采用realizablek-ε湍流模型,搭配多孔介质微尺度化模型进行数值计算,能够有效地模拟微尺度流场的流动状况,而标准k-ε湍流模型和RNGk-ε湍流模型的微尺度模拟计算结果虽接近试验测量值,但仍有偏差;标准k-ω湍流模型和SSTk-ω湍流模型的微尺度模拟效果较差.     

旋流式模型泵内部三维湍流场的测量

为获得旋流泵内部三维湍流场的真实情况,设计制造了模型泵并构造了试验装置.运用激光多普勒测速仪（LDA）,对旋流泵最优工况下的无叶腔及叶轮内部速度场进行了测量,得到周向速度、轴向速度、径向速度及其对应的均方根脉动速度分布等.测量结果表明：旋流泵内流场是强制涡旋和自由涡旋的叠加,同时存在循环流与贯通流,与前人提出的流动模型相吻合;无叶腔与叶轮内周向速度分布差异较大;在叶轮进口处,液流已有预旋,流动撞击损失较大;该型泵内湍流脉动呈各向同性.所得结果不仅可用来验证数值计算结果的准确性,而且为旋流泵内部两相流场的深入研究打下基础.     

不同夜间温度对小麦旗叶光合作用和单株产量的影响

本文用不同夜间温度连续处理抽穗开花后的小麦植株,对旗叶的光合作用和单株产量进行了比较研究。结果表明夜间低温能明显延长叶片叶绿素含量缓降期和光合速率高值持续期,从而增加叶片的叶源量,提高产量。经计算缓降期延长一天,可使单株产量和千粒重分别提高2.0-2.5%和1.5-2.0%。夜间高温处理植株效果相反。试验进一步研究     

泵轮叶片削剪对液力变矩器性能的影响

削剪泵轮叶片是优化液力变矩器性能的一种手段。为了研究泵轮叶片削剪程度对液力变矩器性能的影响规律,该研究基于计算流体动力学,采用应力混合涡湍流模型（stress-blended eddy simulation,SBES）对液力变矩器内部流场进行仿真模拟,依托外特性试验验证仿真结果的准确性。通过Q准则涡识别方法,甄选合适阈值重构叶片削剪前后泵轮流道三维涡系结构,定性分析多尺度涡动力学特性,量化提取二维流场图谱信息,揭示流速场时空演化规律。结果表明：泵轮叶片设计流线从出口处经过10%、20%和30%的削剪后,液力变矩器的变矩比逐渐增大,由原型变矩器的1.77增大到叶片削剪30%的2.33,泵轮转矩系数降幅明显,由原型变矩器的5.51降低到叶片削剪30%的3.39,叶片削剪10%后变矩比增大4.34%,泵轮转矩系数降低10.73%,降幅明显;随着泵轮叶片削剪程度加剧,叶片对流体的推动作用减弱,流体动能减小,多尺度涡运动趋势衰减,流道中部涡结构特征改变,流道出口高能小尺度“脱落涡”现象减弱;泵轮流道出口流速随叶片削剪程度增大而减小,由原型变矩器的23 m/s降低到叶片削剪30%的19 m/s,泵轮进口流速几乎不变,因进出口流速的变化,泵轮转矩系数降低。研究结果可为液力变矩器叶片设计与性能优化提供指导性建议。