玉米小斑病抗性种质鉴定及生理生化分析

以200份玉米优良自交系为材料,2022-2023年夏分别进行小斑病菌的田间接种,综合两年数据共鉴定出高抗小斑病的玉米自交系3份,分别为K22、CML50和齐319;筛选到包括Mo17在内的抗性玉米自交系24份。选取K22和B73两个具有不同抗性水平的玉米自交系进行小斑病菌的室内接种。结果表明,48 h和72 h时,自交系K22叶片的病斑数、病斑面积和病斑面积比等各项指标均显著优于自交系B73,进一步验证田间鉴定的准确性。48 h或72 h时,高抗小斑病自交系K22与感病对照B73相比,5种防御酶活性增加14.32%～70.45%。     

疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis次级代谢产物分析

为阐明疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis次级代谢产物的化学组成,为其生物活性研究和开发利用提供依据,以本实验室保存的疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis为研究菌株,采用察氏液体培养基对该菌发酵培养30d,收集菌丝体和发酵液,按照植物化学成分传统预试方法进行预试。在此基础上用不同极性有机溶剂梯度萃取得到菌丝体和发酵液石油醚相、氯仿相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相,经薄层色谱检测及气相检测方法对其次级代谢产物进行初步分析。系统预试表明,Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物中含有生物碱、蛋白质、酚类与鞣质、黄酮类、醌类、挥发油和油脂等物质;薄层色谱检测发现,Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物中至少含有5种化合物,且菌丝体和发酵液正丁醇相均有苦马豆素及其类似物存在;气相色谱分析Undifilum oxytropis发酵液中苦马豆素含量为5.17×10~(-3)g/L。疯草内生真菌Undifilum oxytropis发酵产物含有苦马豆素等多种次级代谢产物。     

内生真菌和水引发对NaCl胁迫条件下中华羊茅种子萌发的影响

本试验以带Epichloё内生真菌(E+)及不带内生真菌(E-)中华羊茅种子为研究材料,研究其水引发后,在NaCl胁迫条件下的萌发情况。结果表明,NaCl胁迫显著降低中华羊茅种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽长、胚根长和干重。除对照处理外,相对于不带内生真菌的中华羊茅种子,内生真菌能显著提高不同NaCl浓度胁迫条件下中华羊茅种子的萌发力及幼苗生长。水引发与内生真菌可产生互作,在引发时间为20 min时与内生真菌的互作效果最为明显,在不同NaCl浓度胁迫下中华羊茅种子各萌发指标及幼苗生长情况均显著高于其他处理。在对各指标的相关性分析显示,中华羊茅种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚芽长、胚根长和干重相互之间均呈极显著正相关。     

油菜内生生防菌BY-2在油菜体内的定殖与对油菜菌核病的防治作用

 从油菜植株体内分离出的内生细菌BY-2,经过生物学鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。用BY-2回接油菜,重新分离到具有BY-2相同形态特征和抑制病原真菌能力的内生菌株。油菜接种后的第10 d,体内的BY-2菌数达(2.24~9.02)×10³ cfu/g鲜植株,25 d仍然保持在(3.13~8.59)×10³ cfu/g鲜植株。BY-2与油菜核盘菌[Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.) de Bary]对峙培养可以形成直径为3.1 cm的抑菌圈;可使油菜核盘菌菌丝细胞浓缩变短,细胞壁破裂,原生质外溢,从而抑制真菌生长发育;同时还能抑制菌核的萌发,抑制率达60%~70%;在油菜离体叶片试验中,BY-2对菌核病的防治效果达100%。     

青海高原禾草内生真菌资源的调查和分离

青海高原的高寒特性决定其生境内禾草植物的多样性和特异性,然而有关青海高原地区禾草内生真菌的研究报道较少,本研究对青海高原地区48个样点内禾草植物内生真菌带菌率和内生真菌分离进行了研究。结果表明,14种禾本科植物内生真菌平均感染率低于50%,而12种植物内生真菌平均感染率大于50%。其中,缘毛鹅观草(Roegneria pendulina)、紫花针茅(Stipa purpurea)、醉马草(Achnatherum inebrians)、中华羊茅(Festuca sinensis)、硬质早熟禾(Poa sphondylodes)、微药羊茅(F. nitidula)、毛稃羊茅(F. kirilowii)和紫羊茅(F. rubra)的平均带菌率均超过80%。同时,同属禾草植物内生真菌带菌率存在差异。禾草内生真菌分离率较低,其中紫花针茅、麦宾草(Elymus tangutorum)、光稃早熟禾(P. psiolepis)和异针茅(S. aliena)内生真菌在菌落和分生孢子形态上存在差异。可见,青海高原禾草内生真菌带菌率较高,同时不同禾草内生真菌可能存在多样性。     

核桃细菌性疫病菌特性及其与核桃内生菌的竞争作用

为了明确本实验室前期分离得到的一株核桃细菌性疫病菌Xaj DW3F3的相关特性及其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。对该病原细菌进行了显微观察、生物膜形成测定,不同培养基上多糖和色素含量,以及18项生理生化指标测定。通过毛细管法和滴落法观察其趋化作用,并测试其与寄主内生菌的竞争能力。结果表明,病原菌DW3F3为杆状、极生鞭毛、有运动性并能形成生物膜。其在YPGA、King’B 和NA培养基上生长较好,产生多糖和色素较多。病原菌有较强的耐盐性,致死温度达60℃,对纤维素和淀粉都有较强的分解能力,对NaCl和寄主叶片表现出一定的趋性。在其与核桃叶部内生菌的共培养中表现出一定竞争优势。该病菌菌DW3F3有树生黄单胞菌核桃致病变种（Xanthomonas arboricola pv.juglandis,Xaj）的基本特征及致病相关特性,这些特征可能与其致病性强及病害难以控制有关。     

Root‐associated microbes in sustainable agriculture: models,metabolites and mechanisms

Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 and throughout the ‘age of antibiotics’ from the 1940s until the 1980s, the detection of novel antibiotics was restricted by lack of knowledge about the distribution and ecology of antibiotic producers in nature. The discovery that a phenazine compound produced by Pseudomonas bacteria could suppress soilborne plant pathogens, and its recovery from rhizosphere soil in 1990, provided the first incontrovertible evidence that natural metabolites could control plant pathogens in the environment and opened a new era in biological control by root‐associated rhizobacteria. More recently, the advent of genomics, the availability of highly sensitive bioanalytical instrumentation, and the discovery of protective endophytes have accelerated progress toward overcoming many of the impediments that until now have limited the exploitation of beneficial plant‐associated microbes to enhance agricultural sustainability. Here, we present key developments that have established the importance of these microbes in the control of pathogens, discuss concepts resulting from the exploration of classical model systems, and highlight advances emerging from ongoing investigations. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Endophytic-Host Selectivity of Discula umbrinella on Quercus alba and Quercus rubra Characterized by Infection, Pathogenicity and Mycelial Compatibility

The fungal endophytic–host relationships of Discula umbrinella and two oak species, Quercus alba and Quercus rubra, were characterized on the basis of endophytic infection, pathogenicity, and mycelial compatibility. Isolates of D. umbrinella were cultured from leaves of Q. alba and Q. rubra collected from a hardwood forest located in Patuxent Wildlife Research Center in Laurel, Maryland, USA. Endophytic infection was observed on sterile leaf discs and living 2-month-old seedlings of Q. alba and Q. rubra. Fungal-host reciprocal inoculations revealed the presence of conidiomata on both hosts but conidiomata production was more abundant on Q. alba. Isolates from Q. rubra produced milder disease symptoms on both oak species. Mycelial compatibility studies identified seven different MCG groups. MCG groups 1–3 contained isolates from both oak species whereas MCG groups 4–7 contained host specific isolates. Field studies monitored the seasonal appearance of the sexual fruiting structures, perithecia, as a possible source of new genetic variation that might alter host specificity/pathogenicity of the D. umbrinella isolates on Q. alba and Q. rubra hosts. Only 1–2% of the leaves contained perithecia throughout the sampling period (April–September). Isolates collected from Q. alba differed from those collected from Q. rubra in endophytic infection, pathogenic response, and perithecia production. The results of this study suggest that the endophyte–host relationship is one of host selective preference for Q. alba, but that the endophyte has the ability to maintain the endophytic/pathogenic life cycle on the less preferred host species, Q. rubra.     

河南省小麦根、茎部内生真菌多样性及平板拮抗活性研究

To investigate the community composition and diversity of fungal endophytes in wheat roots and stems from different soil types in Henan Province, tissue isolation method was used to isolate and purify endophytic fungi from wheat plants collected from 22 counties/districts in five soil types, and the identification of the fungal endophytes fungi was based on morphology and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence. The community composition and diversity of endophytic fungi were analyzed. The results showed that 426 endophytic fungi were affiliated with 23 genera, among which Chaetomium spp. had the highest number accounting for 23.2% of the total strain number, followed by Penicillium spp.. Five strains were tested for the antifungal activity against both Rhizoctonia Cerealis and Fusarium pseudograminearums on plate, and their inhibition rates against R. Cerealis ranged from 44.8% to 70.5% (zone widths 2.00~9.67 mm)while from 35.4% to 49.3% (zone widths 3.67~6.67 mm) against F. pseudograminearum. This paper clarifies the major taxa and their diversity of fungal endophytes in the roots and stems of wheat in different soil types in Henan Province, and their inhibitory effects on soil-borne fungi, providing a basis for the biological control of sharp eyespot and crown rot of wheat.     

内生真菌对布顿大麦草生长的影响

植物生长室条件下，通过比较含（Ｅ＋）与不含（Ｅ－）内生真菌的布顿大麦草的生物量，分蘖数等指标，研究确定了内生真菌对寄主生长的影响。结果表明，与Ｅ－植株相比，Ｅ＋植株的总生物量增加３６．４％，地上部分牧草干物质产量增加３３．３％，根干重增加３０％，每株植株的分蘖数增加１３６．８％。