水体富营养化水平对纸莎草地下部化学成分的影响

水体富营养化会导致纸莎草营养状况的变化及次生代谢产物含量的改变。通过典型样地采样和HPLC分析,研究了亚热带高原季风区（昆明）受生活污水污染的沟渠中3种富营养化程度（超富营养一上游、富营养一中游、中富营养一下游）水质对纸莎草地下部生物量和化学成分的影响。结果表明：自上游至下游随着水体富营养化程度的降低,纸莎草地下部生物量显著下降,纸莎草地下部生物量为1．74~3．18kg·m^-2,与原产地相当甚至略高;不同富营养化水质显著影响纸莎草地下部氮、磷的含量,其中中游、下游氮的含量分别较上游下降了43．5％和38．2％,磷的含量分别下降了16．2％和27．7％;不同富营养化水质使纸莎草地下部化学成分发生了显著变化,从上游到下游1-芝麻脂素（38）的含量显著增加,柳杉醇（40）的含量有增加的趋势,黑麦草内酯（18）含量显著减小,猫眼草黄素（35）和青蒿亭（37）的含量受水质影响不大;在未分离鉴定的化合物中,还有10种化合物的含量随着水体富营养化程度的降低而显著增加,有2种显著减少,水质对其他化合物含量的影响不规律。     

基于离散元法的油莎豆降阻挖掘装置设计与试验

目前油莎豆机械化收获方式以正旋旋耕挖掘为主,但工作过程中存在工作阻力大、碎土率低、埋果率高等问题,本文针对油莎豆旋耕挖掘方式进行反旋运动学分析,建立了旋耕刀与油莎豆团聚体离散元模型,结合EDEM进行挖掘过程离散元仿真试验,确定影响旋耕刀工作阻力和刀轴扭矩的结构参数和取值范围,利用Design-Expert进行试验优化与回归分析,确定旋耕刀的最佳结构参数为：弯折角130°、工作幅宽45mm,在相同参数设置下与正旋旋耕方式进行对比试验,工作阻力降低了8.6%,刀轴扭矩降低了5.9%,证明反旋挖掘具有降阻作用。为检验优化设计的旋耕刀作业性能,以埋果率和土壤破碎率作为试验指标进行对比试验,结果表明：反旋作业方式埋果率1.07%,土壤破碎率93.48%,与标准旋耕刀相比,新型旋耕刀油莎豆块茎埋果率减低了1.2个百分点,土壤破碎率提高了1.3个百分点。     

反向旋抛式油莎豆起挖装置设计与试验

针对油莎豆挖掘装置以正向旋转挖掘方式为主,其漏豆率高、易拥堵、根系环抱体土壤难破碎,导致后续清选分离困难,联合收获工作效率极低等问题,应用离散元仿真分析方法,建立油莎豆根系-块茎-土壤离散元模型,分析油莎豆根系-块茎-土壤之间相互作用对油莎豆根系土壤环抱体碎裂的影响机理,设计一种反向旋抛式油莎豆起挖装置,并应用单因素和正交旋转中心组合试验方法,研究反旋挖掘装置旋耕刀相位角和安装间距对性能指标埋果率和土壤破碎率影响规律和优化参数组合,试验结果表明,反向旋抛式油莎豆起挖装置的最佳组合参数为：相位角61°、安装间距150 mm,此时土壤破碎率为94.10%、埋果率为1.39%,在相同参数设置下与普通旋耕刀组合进行田间验证试验,结果表明,埋果率降低了13.33%,土壤破碎率提高了3.15%,满足油莎豆机械化收获部颁标准技术要求。研究结果为进一步提升油莎豆收获机具研发提供了理论依据。     

组合孔内充式油莎豆排种器设计与试验

针对油莎豆种子表面凹凸不平、形状不规则导致的流动性差,种群压实导致充种性能不佳和每穴3粒种子投种时轴向分散等问题,设计了一种组合孔内充式油莎豆排种器。对复式型孔的外孔和内孔长度进行了设计,提高了充填性能;基于最速降线原理设计了回流板曲面,理论分析了回流板上端倾角范围、安装位置及种子在回流板上运动情况;分析了种子与强制排种装置碰撞过程,设计优化了强制排种装置。利用EDEM仿真分析了种群回流运动过程和强制排种过程,探明了回流板种群运动过程,得出在倾斜角为32°的回流板安放位置回流效果较好,表明回流板可以增强种群流动性,避免种群堆积;分析证明了强制排种装置可提高排种器的集穴效果,实现3粒投种一致性。最后进行了投种一致性高速摄影试验、排种轮单排孔排种试验、双因素试验和集穴试验,通过高速摄影分析了油莎豆种子位移及速度变化规律,其结果与数值模拟基本一致,从排种轮单排孔排种试验得出3排型孔排种合格率差异不显著,双因素试验得出在复式型孔内孔长度为8mm、转速为20r/min条件下,排种器合格指数、漏播指数、重播指数可达96.4%、1.5%和2.1%。在较优内窝孔长度和回流板条件下进行集穴试验,试验结果表明在转速为10、20r/min时集穴效果最佳。     

旱伞草水热炭的稳定性特征及固碳潜能

为探究湿地植物旱伞草水热炭的稳定性特征与固碳潜能,分别在200、220、240℃和260℃下制备旱伞草水热炭,通过元素分析、红外光谱分析、X射线衍射分析、热重分析及化学氧化分析等方法分别探究了水热炭的理化性质及热稳定性和化学稳定性,并对不同温度水热炭的固碳潜能进行评估。结果表明：随着水热碳化温度升高,水热炭产率下降,pH值和灰分含量上升,H/C和O/C降低,—OH、—C—O等不稳定含氧官能团减少,芳香化程度增加。热重分析和稳定性系数（R₅₀）分析结果表明,不同温度制备的水热炭的R₅₀值为0.47~0.59。H₂O₂氧化试验表明,中低温（220℃）制备的水热炭的抗氧化性能最好,其氧化后稳定碳含量为54.14%。此外,固碳潜能分析结果表明,随着碳化温度的升高,旱伞草水热炭的固碳系数在30.21%~31.54%范围内波动,长期固碳潜能的CO₂当量为2.76~2.88 Mt·a^-1。研究表明：200℃和220℃制备的中低温水热炭具有较好的化学稳定性,且在短期固碳效果上具有优势;而260℃制备的高温水热炭具有最佳的热稳定性和长期固碳潜能,在固碳减排方面具有良好的应用前景。     

油莎豆对自然盐碱胁迫的生长及生理响应

探究油莎豆在不同浓度自然盐碱胁迫下的生长及生理响应,揭示油莎豆在盐碱胁迫的耐盐碱机制与能力。本试验以‘中油莎1号’品种为供试材料,通过采集自然盐碱土和农田土,分别按0%、25%、50%、75%、100%的盐碱土比例进行胁迫,观测油莎豆的生长发育、渗透调节物质、丙二醛及保护酶活性等生理代谢指标。结果表明：随着盐碱胁迫强度的增大,油莎豆叶绿素合成受阻,其株高、分蘖数、结豆数、总粒重及生物量均显著下降;脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛含量均呈上升趋势,且在75%盐碱土比例下均显著上升;SOD活性呈先上升,在50%盐碱土处理下达到最大后下降。油莎豆在自然盐碱胁迫下生长受到抑制,出苗和分蘖期均显著延后,随盐碱胁迫程度的升高细胞膜脂过氧化逐渐加重,而油莎豆可通过提高体内SOD活性来缓解盐害,同时盐碱胁迫下油莎豆可通过调节脯氨酸与可溶性糖的积累,从而增强植株从环境中的保水能力,以提高植株对盐碱胁迫的适应能力。     

Purple nutsedge tuber sprouting

Purple nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.) tubers remain viable for several years and serve as its principal means of survival. The maintenance of high moisture content is essential to tuber survival. Apical dominance influences bud dormancy within a tuber and in a chain of tubers, and dormancy increases with tuber age. Several growth inhibitors were identified in tubers, but their role in tuber dormancy has not been established. Moisture levels in soil must increase to a critical level before sprouting occurs, but excess soil moisture deters sprouting. Oxygen may be a limiting factor for tuber sprouting in waterlogged soils. Although light is not a requirement for sprouting, it has promoted sprouting. Temperature regulates sprouting; no sprouting occured below 10°C and above 45°C. Optimum sprouting occurred between 25 and 35°C when provided with constant temperatures. However, daily alternating temperatures greatly stimulated sprouting. A daily short duration (0.5 h) of high temperature increased sprouting to nearly 100%, whereas less than 50% sprouting occurred without the daily high temperature pulse. Bud break occurred readily for most tubers at 20°C and in nearly 100% of the tubers with a single 0.5 h exposure to a high temperature (35°C) pulse. However, most buds did not elongate if the tuber remained at 20°C. Bud elongation occurred at higher temperatures, and daily alternating temperatures stimulated shoot elongation up to eightfold greater than at the respective mean constant temperatures. Daily soil temperature fluctuation may be a major signal for purple nutsedge emergence, such as when the plant canopy is removed, or when soils are solarized. Future research is needed to determine tuber sprouting for different ecotypes, and on the role of the rhizome chain. Systems to manipulate sprouting may provide new strategies for purple nutsedge management.     

New prenylflavans from Cyperus conglomeratus

In addition to luteolin and its 7-methyl ether, the CH2Cl2-MeOH (1:1) extract of Cyperus conglomeratus afforded two new prenylflavans identified as 7,3'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethoxy-8-prenylflavan and 5,7,3'-trihydroxy-5'-methoxy-8-prenylflavan. The structures were established by CIMS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, H-H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and DEPT analysis.     

油莎豆幼苗应对盐碱胁迫的光合生理响应机制

对油莎豆幼苗在不同浓度盐胁迫和碱胁迫下的光合生理响应进行研究,揭示其耐盐机制以及抗盐碱能力阈值,为油莎豆在新疆大面积种植及合理划分种植区域提供理论基础。试验选用2种中性盐（NaCl, Na₂SO₄）和2种碱性盐（NaHCO₃ , Na₂CO₃）,分别按2∶1的比例配成相应溶液进行胁迫处理,盐、碱胁迫处理低、中、高浓度分别为 80、160、320 mmol· L^-1和40、80、120 mmol· L^-1,培养于室内光温培养箱中,在出苗15 d后,测量叶绿素含量,光合参数,荧光参数等指标。结果表明：在盐、碱胁迫下随胁迫程度的增加叶绿素a含量（Chl a）、叶绿素b含量（Chl b）、总叶绿素含量（Chl T）、类胡萝卜素含量（Car）、光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度 （G_s）、蒸腾速率（T_r）呈下降趋势,最大荧光（F_m）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）、最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）被抑制,非调节性能量耗散（Y(NO)）升高。其中P_n与G_s、T_r、Chl a,呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与Car、Chl T、F_m、ΦPSⅡ、qP（P<0.05）成显著正相关,与Y(NO)表现为显著负相关。因此油莎豆在盐、碱胁迫下光合速率下降主要与G_s、T_r、Chl a的降低有关。且油莎豆在盐碱胁迫下可通过降低G_s、T_r、叶片含水量（WC）和提高水分利用效率（WUE）以及启动热耗散机制来维持水分的供给和光合系统的动态平衡。在不同盐成分处理中表现为同浓度下碱胁迫抑制程度均大于盐胁迫。     

Diseases of the Oil Palm

Abstract

Thirty two diseases and disorders affecting the oil palm in Africa, Southeast Asia and South America are described with their distribution, economic importance, etiology and control. Of these, nine diseases are considered to be of major economic importance, 19 are of minor importance, and four are due to nutrient deficiencies. The major diseases causing serious economic losses are freckle (Cercospora elaeidis), blast (Pythium splendens and Rhizoctonia lamellifera), vascular wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. elaeidis). Ganoderma trunk rot (Ganoderma spp.) and Armillaria trunk rot (Armillariella mellea) in Africa; Ganoderma trunk rot, Corticium leaf rot (Corticium solani). Marasmius bunch rot (Marasmius palmivora) in S.E. Asia; sudden wilt and spear rot in S. America. Some of the diseases and disorders of minor economic importance recorded in these areas are anthracnose (Botryodiplodia palmarum, Melanconium sp. and Clomerella cingulata), dry basal rot (Ceratocystis paradoxic), patch yellows (Fusarium oxysporum), crown disease, Cylindrocladium leaf spot (Cylindrocladium macrosporum), algal spot (Cephaleuros virescens), bronze streak, ring spot and little leaf in Africa; Curvularia leaf blight (Curvularia eragrostidis), Leptosphaeria leaf spot (Pestalotiopsis spp.) infectious chlorosis, upper stem rot (Phellinus noxius), stem wet rot, charcoal base rot in S.E. Asia and Leptosphaeria leaf spot and coconut wilt disease in S. America. Little is known, however, about the disease problems in the smaller but rapidly expanding oil palm growing areas of Thailand, Papua New Guinea, India and Sri Lanka. Infectious chlorosis, bronze streak and ring spot have a suspected virus etiology; little leaf, spear rot and stem wet rot are attributed to bacteria and leaf chlorosis, mid-crown yellowing, orange frond and hook leaf to nutrient deficiencies. The etiology of some minor disorders including brown germ, crown disease and several miscellaneous abnormalities is unknown.

Effective control measures, based on the application of various chemicals, have been devised for the leaf diseases but other than precautionary cultural operations, there are no such effective and practical control measures for the root and stem diseases. For this latter group of diseases field transplanting or resistant or tolerant varieties seems to be the best method of control. Seeds selected for tolerance to vascular wilt are being produced on a commercial scale at the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, Institut de Recherches pour les Huiles et Oleagineux in Ivory Coast and the Unilever Plantations in Cameroun Republic. These efforts need to be supplemented by breeding for resistance to the other major diseases.