科技是云南草地畜牧业可持续发展的关键因素

针对云南草地资源的现状及面临的问题，进行了草地畜牧业持续发展综合配套技术的研究，试验、示范、推广效果突出、效益明显，从而提出了科技是草地畜牧业可持续发展的基础和关键因素，以及加快科技推广的一系列建议。     

江河源区草地资源现状及其可持续发展

在分析青海省江河源区草地资源现状的基础上，进一步剖析了造成该区域草地生态环境恶化的综合因素，提出了合理利用和保护天然草地，优化草地生产结构，加强基础设施建设，建立饲草料生产基地，遏制草地退化，使草地生态进入良性演替，实现江河源区草地资源可持续利用和草地畜牧业可持续发展的对策。     

内蒙古希拉穆仁草原风蚀水平观测研究

近年来,草原由于遭受不合理利用而严重退化、沙化,风蚀愈加严重。采用集沙仪和移动式风洞模拟相结合的方法,对位于阴山北麓中部的希拉穆仁草原风蚀特征进行了连续6 a的观测研究。结果表明:(1)植被是控制风蚀的决定性因素,并且植被高度对风蚀的抑制作用强于植被盖度。(2)研究区风蚀模数在围封初期很高,达到1313.7 t/(km²·a),随着植被的改善,草原风蚀逐年下降。(3)风蚀物以细沙粒为主,含量占60%以上。该地区每风蚀1000 kg土壤,同时就损失15 kg有机质,227 g速效氮,262 g速效磷和120 g速效钾,肥力损失量惊人。保护基本草原,恢复退化草地,是防治草地风蚀的最根本途径。     

碳晶电热板在日光温室黄瓜冬季育苗中的应用效果

为明确碳晶电热板在日光温室冬季黄瓜育苗中的应用效果,以日光温室正常培养(不加温)和发热电缆(敷设功率为100W/m2)加温为对照,研究碳晶电热板加温对基质温度、耗电量、黄瓜幼苗生长和生理特性影响;以日光温室正常培养(不加温)为对照,研究隔热层在碳晶电热温床育苗中的节能效果差异。结果表明:1)80W/m2敷设功率的碳晶电热板加温的夜间基质温度能达到并保持目的温度(18℃),比对照最低温度和平均温度分别高12.1和6.07℃,比发热电缆处理最低温度和平均温度分别高7.0和3.05℃,耗电率比发热电缆处理的减少34.4%;2)黄瓜出苗时间为1.3d,比对照处理减少4.0d,比发热电缆处理减少2.0d;3)80W/m2碳晶电热板加温处理的黄瓜壮苗指数比对照处理增加144.4%,比发热电缆处理增加46.7%;4)与不使用隔热层的碳晶电热温床相比,使用聚苯乙烯板和无纺布制作成的隔热层的电热温床的日平均温度分别提高2.3和1.9℃,耗电率减少22.6%和21.2%,黄瓜壮苗指数提高50.0%和43.8%。说明碳晶电热板加温是适合我国华北地区冬季设施黄瓜育苗的加温方式,敷设功率以80W/m2为宜;聚苯乙烯板和无纺布是适合碳晶电热温床使用的隔热材料。     

The economic benefits and costs of trees in urban forest stewardship: A systematic review

Understanding the benefits provided by urban trees is important to justify investment and improve stewardship. Many studies have attempted to quantify the benefits of trees in monetary terms, though fewer have quantified the associated costs of planting and maintaining them. This systematic review examines the methods used to jointly analyse the costs and benefits of trees in the urban landscape, assesses the relative balance of benefits and costs, and attempts to understand the wide variation in economic values assigned in different studies. The benefits most frequently studied are those related to environmental regulation and property values, and the available data show that these usually outweigh the costs. Aesthetic, amenity, and shading benefits have also been shown to provide significant economic benefits, while benefits in terms of water regulation, carbon reduction and air quality are usually more modest. Variation in benefits and costs among studies is attributed largely to differences in the species composition and age structure of urban tree populations, though methodological differences also play a role. Comparison between studies is made difficult owing to differences in spatiotemporal scope, and in the way urban forest composition and demographic structure were reported. The overwhelming majority of studies concern deciduous trees in Northern America, and much less is known about urban forests in other regions, especially in the tropics. Future work should thus seek to fill these knowledge gaps, and standardise research protocols across cities. In light of ambitious goals in many cities to increase tree cover, ongoing advances in valuation methods need to provide a more comprehensive accounting of benefits and costs, and to better integrate economic assessment into the decision-making process.     

Abstracts of Nipon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

We investigated changes in radiocesium concentrations in a Japanese chestnut (Castanea crenata Sieold &; Zucc.) orchard in Ibaraki prefecture for 3 years after the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011. The radiocesium concentrations in the aboveground organs of Japanese chestnut trees were almost the same, while the concentration in the roots was the lowest among all the organs investigated. The concentration of radiocesium decreased exponentially for 3 years in nuts, leaves and current shoots. The radiocesium concentrations in soils were higher in the surface layer, and the trend of an annual decrease in radiocesium in the soils was similar to that of the natural decay of radiocesium. The transfer factor of radiocesium from soils to nuts of Japanese chestnut decreased annually. These results suggest that radiocesium adhered directly to the aboveground organs of Japanese chestnut trees in March 2011, and that the accumulation of radiocesium in nuts is mainly due to radiocesium transfer from the branches and trunk to nuts several years after the nuclear power plant accident.     

草地贪夜蛾缅甸虫源迁入中国的路径分析

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith)对非洲和南亚国家的入侵已对全球粮食安全造成重大影响,该虫2018年年底已在缅甸形成虫源基地,并零星进入中国云南西南部地区。本文利用历史数据分析了缅甸和华南地区春、夏两季(3-8月)925 hPa夜间平均风温场,并模拟预测了缅甸地区草地贪夜蛾在此期间进入中国的迁飞轨迹以及主要降落和波及的地区。结果表明:3-4月盛行的微弱西风不利于远距离迁移,但成虫的自主飞行可形成对云南和广西局部地区的近距离入侵;进入5月份后,随着西南夏季风的加强,云南和广西全境成为缅甸虫源的主要迁入地,并可能波及贵州、广东、海南和湖南等省。因此,4月份之前要重点监控云南和广西地区草地贪夜蛾的发生与为害,此后,应将监控区域扩大至中国中南部地区的各个省份。     

乳清粉对冷冻面团的流变学特性及发酵能力的影响

探讨添加不同比例的乳清粉对冷冻面团流变学特性及发酵能力的影响。结果表明,添加乳清粉可以优化冷冻面团的流变学特性,改善冷冻面团的质量,乳清粉添加量为2%时,冷冻面团的质量最优。乳清粉还可提高冷冻面团的产气力,改善冷冻面团的发酵能力,乳清粉添加量为2%时,冷冻面团的发酵能力最高。冷冻时间不超过21d的冷冻面团的拉伸特性较优,产气力较好。     

双离合器式自动变速器换挡系统的研究与设计

双离合器式自动变速器可以实现动力换挡,极大地改善了车辆的动力性、经济性以及舒适性。为此,设计了一种适合拖拉机的双离合器式换挡系统,论述了其结构特点和工作原理,并对其油路、复位弹簧、密封装置、双离合器等关键部分进行了研究。     

牛场的粪污无害化处理技术

近几年来,随着我国经济的快速发展,人民的生活水平得到了提高,对畜产品的需求量也逐渐增大,周至县的畜牧业得到了迅速发展。随之引发的畜禽粪污处理问题也日渐突出,做好畜禽粪污资源化利用,对于改善全县农村人居环境、畜牧业稳步发展、落实国家乡村振兴具有重要意义。