部分小麦低分子量谷蛋白亚基二级结构的预测与分析

为了从蛋白质高级结构的水平上研究小麦低分子量谷蛋白结构与功能的关系,利用互联网上开放的预测软件和蛋白质序列分析软件对已获得全序列,并明确其染色体定位的19个LMW-GS基因的推导氨基酸序列进行二级结构的预测和分析。结果表明,在整个LMW-GS二级结构中,无规则卷曲最多,达69.51%,α-螺旋(28.97%)较β-折叠(1.36%)占有绝对优势,因而归属于α结构型蛋白。其中,信号肽由大量α-螺旋和微量无规则卷曲组成,N-端和重复区均由无规则卷曲占据,而C-末端除富含α-螺旋和无规则卷曲外,还是β-折叠的唯一分布区。同时,两个分子间二硫键存在于无规则卷曲中,而另有6个分子内二硫键分布于α-螺旋内或其附近,由此推导出小麦LMW-GS二级结构的平面模式图。这种特异的LMW-GS二级结构不仅进一步证明了“蛋白质一级结构决定高级结构”,以及信号肽引导新合成的LMW-GS顺利进入相应细胞器等经典理论,而且从空间结构的水平上阐释了LMW-GS多肽链致密化及其互聚体形成、富集,并与HMW-GS一起影响面粉加工品质的结构基础。     

拔节期灌水对冬小麦根重与产量的影响

用盆栽的方法,在土壤养分一致的条件下,测定了15个冬小麦品种拔节期灌水与不灌水(对照)的生物产量和籽粒产量。结果表明:冬小麦有效穗数、生物产量以及籽粒产量的形成与拔节期的水分状况有密切关系;地下部的根干重与地上部的生物产量、地上部的生物产量与籽粒产量呈显著正相关,其相关程度与拔节期灌水与否有关;地上部生物产量与千粒重虽也呈正相关,但相关性大小与拔节期的水分条件关系不密切。拔节期灌水处理与不灌水(对照)冬小麦的地上部生物产量、籽粒产量和千粒重的差值,与冬小麦自身的抗旱指数呈反相关。     

地衣芽孢杆菌与低聚木糖对异育银鲫消化酶活性、肠道菌群及生长的影响

将180尾异育银鲫(allogygenetic cruc ian carp)随机分成3组,每组设3个重复,分别投喂3种饲料:基础日粮(Ⅰ组),在基础日粮中添加质量分数为0.02%的地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus lichenifor-m is(Ⅱ组),在基础日粮中添加质量分数分别为0.01%的地衣芽孢杆菌和低聚木糖(Ⅲ组),共饲养75 d。结果表明:与Ⅰ组鱼相比,Ⅱ组鱼的增重率显著提高(P<0.05),其肠道食糜中蛋白酶、淀粉酶的活性及食糜中芽孢杆菌和乳酸杆菌的数量大大增加,大肠杆菌的数量显著降低(P<0.05);Ⅲ组鱼的增重率和肠道食糜中淀粉酶的活性显著提高(P<0.05),肠道食糜中大肠杆菌的数量显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸杆菌的数量有增加趋势;Ⅲ组鱼肠道食糜中蛋白酶的活性、芽孢杆菌和乳酸杆菌数量,比Ⅱ组鱼显著降低(P<0.05),大肠杆菌数量有降低趋势,同时,Ⅲ组鱼肝胰脏中蛋白酶的活性比其它两组显著提高(P<0.05),两组之间其他指标差异不显著。因此,在基础日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌和低聚木糖,可提高鱼体中消化酶的活性,有助于维持肠道内的微生态平衡,促进动物生长。     

扇贝加工废弃物蛋白酶解及其酶解产物分子量分布的研究

对用复合酶酶解扇贝加工废弃物制备水解蛋白的工艺进行了研究,通过正交试验方法确定了用两种复合酶酶解的最适水解条件。结果表明,用枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶和风味酶复合酶酶解的最佳酶解参数为:加酶量比为2∶1,温度为65℃,pH为7.0,时间为5 h,水解液氨基酸态氮含量为50.3%,蛋白质水解度为95.5%。用木瓜蛋白酶和风味酶复合酶酶解的最佳酶解参数为:加酶量比为2∶1,温度为65℃,pH为7.0,时间为5 h,水解液氨基酸态氮含量为43.2%,蛋白质水解度为85.0%。用SephadexG-15葡聚糖凝胶柱层析法对水解产物的分析结果表明,两种混合酶的酶解产物为蛋白肽和游离氨基酸,其相对分子质量均集中分布在585和150左右。     

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

播期对河套地区玉米灌浆进度的影响

旨在为玉米的高产栽培提供理论支撑。采用分期播种法,利用试验数据,建立28个生长模型（方程均通过0.01的极显著检验）,将玉米灌浆期百粒干重、百粒体积随灌浆日数增加的时段分为三阶段,即渐增期、快增期和缓增期。适时播种的玉米吐丝后百粒体积、百粒干重增加进入渐增期,终止日分别为吐丝后的6天和20天,此后进入快速增长期,时间分别为22天和18天;其后到籽粒体积和干重增加进入缓慢增长期。适时播种的玉米百粒干重增加逐渐增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间0~502.4℃·d,增幅0.014 g/℃·d;快速增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间502.4~938.4℃·d,增幅0.049 g/℃·d;缓慢增长期为吐丝后活动积温区间938.4~1355.1℃·d,增幅0.018 g/℃·d。     

Effect of allele combinations at Ppd-1 loci on durum wheat grain filling at contrasting latitudes

Flowering time is the most critical developmental stage in wheat, as it determines environmental conditions during grain filling. Thirty-five spring durum genotypes carrying all known allele variants at Ppd-1 loci were evaluated in fully irrigated field experiments for three years at latitudes of 41°N (Spain), 27°N (northern Mexico) and 19°N (southern Mexico). Relationships between weight of central grains of main spikes (W) and thermal time from flowering to maturity were described by a logistic equation. Differences in flowering time between the allele combination causing the earliest (GS100/Ppd-B1a) and the latest (Ppd-A1b/Ppd-B1a) flowering were 7, 20 and 18 days in Spain, northern Mexico and southern Mexico, respectively. Flowering delay drastically reduced the mean grain filling rate (R) and W at all sites. At autumn-sowing sites, an increase of 1°C in mean temperature during the first half of the grain filling period decreased W by 5.2 mg per grain. At these sites, W was strongly dependent on R. At the spring-sowing site (southern Mexico), W depended on both R and grain filling duration. Our results suggest that incorporating the allele combinations GS100/Ppd-B1a and GS105/Ppd-B1a (alleles conferring photoperiod insensitivity) in newly released varieties can reduce the negative effects of climate change on grain filling at the studied latitudes.     

不同剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量及品质的影响

为明确不同纤维剥制机械对苎麻纤维产量和品质的影响,以苎麻品种‘中苎3号’为试验材料,研究了3种剥制机械（简易刮麻器、回拉式剥麻机、反拉式剥麻机）对原麻颜色、出麻率、单纤维强力和含胶量的影响。结果表明,不同机械剥制原麻产量与品质存在显著差异。3种机器剥制的原麻颜色均偏黄色,简易刮麻器剥制的麻纤维明度最亮,反拉式剥麻机剥制的原麻红色最深。简易刮麻器剥制麻与回拉式剥麻机剥制麻出麻率无显著差异,显著低于反拉式剥麻机剥制麻,但反拉式剥麻机出麻率较高,原因主要是总胶质含量显著较高（28.21%）。不同剥制机械所获原麻的单纤维强力也存在显著差异,由高到低依次为简易刮麻器＞回拉式剥麻机＞反拉式剥麻机。综上所述,简易刮麻器剥制原麻质量最好,回拉式剥麻机优于反拉式剥麻机。上述结果为苎麻剥麻机的选择提供理论依据。     

文冠果叶总皂苷的提取工艺优化及减肥降脂功效

【目的】优化文冠果叶总皂苷的提取工艺,并对其减肥降脂功效进行分析。【方法】采用单因素试验并结合Box-Behnken响应面法,对文冠果叶总皂苷的提取温度、液(mL)料(g)比、乙醇体积分数进行优化。采用高脂饲料喂养小鼠建立高血脂症模型,建模4周后,以奥利司他为阳性对照,分别采用高（200 mg/kg）、中（100 mg/kg）、低（50 mg/kg）剂量组文冠果叶总皂苷连续灌胃4周,检测小鼠血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）和高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）的浓度,分析不同剂量文冠果叶总皂苷对小鼠体内胰脂肪酶的抑制作用。【结果】文冠果叶总皂苷的最佳提取工艺条件为：提取温度60 ℃,乙醇体积分数70%,液(mL)料(g)比30∶1,此时文冠果叶总皂苷得率为4.952%。对小鼠的减肥降脂试验表明,文冠果叶总皂苷对胰脂肪酶的抑制活力最高可达68.29%,且在高血脂模型中,高、中、低剂量文冠果叶总皂苷均可显著或极显著降低血清中的TC、TG、LDL-C浓度,提高HDL-C浓度,其中高剂量组的降脂作用与阳性对照药物奥利司他效果相当。【结论】文冠果叶总皂苷减肥降脂功效显著,能够有效抑制胰脂肪酶活力,降低胆固醇和甘油三酯含量,进而促进脂肪代谢。     

新疆春小麦育成品种耐热性评价

为筛选出耐热性好的小麦种质材料,通过开花期至成熟期人工模拟高温胁迫环境,以千粒重热感指数为主要评价指标,评价了新疆近30年来审定的春小麦品种的相对耐热性,并分析了高温胁迫对小麦籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量的影响。结果表明,与自然生长相比,高温胁迫条件下新疆春小麦育成品种的千粒重、籽粒宽度的变化均达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,籽粒长度变化不显著(P>0.05),不同品种间耐热性存在很大差异。综合三年千粒重热感指数（HSI）分析,耐热性相对较好的品种有17个,连续三年HSI＜1的品种有11个,其中新春37号、新春2号、新春38号在高温胁迫条下千粒重变化较小,产量较稳定,为强耐热品种;对高温敏感品种有26个,连续三年HSI≥1的品种有13个,其中新春13号、新春18号、新春33号耐热性相对较弱。高温胁迫影响小麦籽粒的品质,其中13.95%的品种蛋白质含量降低,6.98%的品种湿面筋含量降低,其他品种高温胁迫后籽粒蛋白质、湿面筋含量均较自然生长有所提高。