辐照交联热收缩套管凝胶含量的测定

辐照剂量的大小直接影响着热收缩套管的扩张难易程度及热收缩套管收缩性能,我们在通常的情况下一般采用测凝胶含量的方法来测定热收缩套管的吸收剂量(即辐照的好坏)。文章讲述了剂量对凝胶含量及热收缩套管的收缩倍率的影响。     

基于神经网络红枣红外辐射干燥预测模型建立

针对红枣红外辐射干燥含水率的变化具有非线性和时变性、很难利用现有的模型构造一个数学模型来描述其变化规律的问题,利用Mat Lab神经网络工具箱和红枣红外辐射干燥特性试验数据建立了神经网络预测模型。通过对实测值和模型预测值进行分析研究,得出利用BP神经网络可以较快速、准确地建立模型来描述含水率的变化规律,且模型的预测值与试验测试值误差较小,能很好地实现在线预测的效果。     

An evaluation of the net radiation sub-model in the ASCE standardized reference evapotranspiration equation: Implications for evapotranspiration prediction

Net radiation (R_n) is a key component of the surface energy balance, but it is expensive and difficult to measure accurately. For these reasons, R_n is often predicted in evapotranspiration (ET) calculations with a model requiring measurements of incoming shortwave radiation, air temperature, and vapor pressure. We compared R_n predictions from the R_n sub-model used in the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) standardized reference ET equation to mean R_n measurements from five 4-component reference net radiometers. The radiometers were part of a recent comparison study of multiple net radiometer models conducted over irrigated and clipped turfgrass in northern Utah (Blonquist et al., 2009). In the R_n model, net shortwave radiation is determined by direct measurement of solar radiation and an assumed value of albedo for the surface (0.23 for fully vegetated surfaces), and net longwave radiation is calculated with a Brunt (1932, 1952) approach for predicting net surface emissivity, calculated from near surface vapor pressure. Additionally, the ratio of measured incoming shortwave radiation to predicted clear-sky shortwave radiation is used as a surrogate variable for cloud cover in the net longwave radiation calculation. Relative to the reference R_n measurements (average of five 4-component net radiometers), modeled R_n was high during the day by an average of 8.6% and high in magnitude (more negative) at night by an average of 13.4% over hourly time intervals. Daily total R_n calculated by summing the hourly model predictions was always higher than the reference measurements, by an average of 8.1%, whereas daily total R_n calculated from the model over daily time intervals was closer to the reference measurements, 2% high on average. The model R_n error during the day was partly caused by the assumption in the model that surface albedo is a constant value of 0.23. Measurements showed albedo ranged from approximately 0.21 at solar noon to 0.30 near the beginning and end of the day, with a mean value of 0.23. However, most of the model R_n error was due to the prediction of net longwave radiation, where the empirical equation in the model typically yielded values that were too low in magnitude (less negative), by approximately 20% on average, but the error was dependent on time of day. The R_n error at night was largely caused by the inability to measure the surrogate for cloud cover at night, which relies on measurement of solar radiation from a previous time period of sufficient solar zenith angle. All five of the net radiometer models tested in the comparison study matched the mean of the reference net radiometers better than the ASCE model. When modeled hourly R_n was used to calculate ET over hourly time intervals, or when hourly ET values were summed to yield daily ET, ET was typically high, by 6% on average, relative to ET calculated from measured reference R_n. When modeled R_n was calculated over daily time intervals and used to calculate ET over daily time intervals, ET was more accurate, 1% high on average, relative to ET calculated over daily time intervals from measured reference R_n. While new models for R_n are being developed, the sub-model in the ASCE standardized reference ET equation has been in use for the past two decades in thousands of ET stations. As newer models are developed we hope to use this data set to evaluate them.     

考虑太阳热辐射的混凝土衬砌渠道冻胀数值模拟

针对渠道冻胀数值模拟分析依赖于实测温度而无法直接预测渠道冻胀及设计的缺陷,考虑日照对衬砌渠道冻胀量及冻胀力的影响,根据冻土力学及冻土物理学和热辐射原理,利用有限元软件ANSYS按瞬态温变模式加载温度,对衬砌渠道冻胀过程进行动态数值模拟,得到了考虑与不考虑太阳热辐射两种情况下渠道温度、应力和变形场的分布规律.对比可知：考虑热辐射的衬砌渠道冻胀规律与实测正弦型温度变化引起的冻胀规律一致,考虑热辐射的渠基温度大于正弦温度变化法计算而得的渠基温度值,特别是渠道阴坡,考虑热辐射计算的冻胀力、冻胀量均小于正弦型温度变化法计算所得.     

不同灌溉模式下光合有效辐射与水稻叶片水分利用效率关系研究

根据江西省示范区晚稻节水灌溉试验资料,研究了不同灌溉模式下叶片水分利用效率随光合有效辐射的变化规律,分析了光合有效辐射与叶片水分利用效率的主要影响因子,气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度以及叶气温差的关系。结果表明:水稻叶片水分利用效率随光合有效辐射的增大表现出先增大后下降的变化趋势,二者之间表现出较好的二次曲线关系;光合有效辐射在500~900μmol/(m2.s)范围内,叶片水分利用效率均大于7.0μmolCO2/mmolH2O;控制灌溉模式下,水稻叶片水分利用效率略大于常规灌溉模式下的单叶水分利用效率,但无明显差异;光合有效辐射与气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度之间表现出较好的多项式关系,与叶气温差呈明显的直线关系,它们的关系从一定程度上揭示了光合有效辐射影响水稻叶片水分利用效率的生理机制。     

湿式多盘制动器的研究现状及展望

分别对国内外在湿式多盘制动器摩擦副间对流换热机理、摩擦衬片压力分布规律、摩擦偶件温度场与应力场的分析、摩擦衬盘与对偶钢盘的摩擦机理、制动噪声、制动过程的影响因素、整体散热特性及其试验研究等方面的研究现状进行了综述和评价，并对湿式多盘制动器的某些研究内容提出了新的见解，最后展望了湿式多盘制动器的研究方向及其发展动态。     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

基于模糊PID控制的六安瓜片远红外烘焙机设计

根据六安瓜片烘焙工艺的要求,设计了用于拉火工序的远红外烘焙机。茶叶采用不锈钢输送带输送,整机采用3层结构,每层输送带由独立的变频电机驱动,输送带上方布置有陶瓷红外线辐射器,通过红外线温度传感器采集叶温,并研制了基于模糊控制的PID温度控制器来控制温度。试验表明:远红外烘焙机碎茶率为5%(人工烘焙碎茶率为15%),叶温为80°C,人工审评结果认为其成茶品质优于炭火烘焙。     

红外辐射技术在农副产品加工中的应用与进展

红外辐射加热干燥技术有众多的优点，近些年来在农副产品加工中的应用越来越多。为此。介绍了红外辐射的基本原理及特点；并通过大量的实例阐述了红外辐射在谷物、蔬菜、竹材加热干燥上的应用与研究进展，以及红外辐射技术在农副产品杀菌方面的应用。     

拖拉机窄带电磁辐射骚扰抑制研究

某轮式拖拉机在按欧盟法规ECE R10进行出口认证的电磁兼容性检测时,其窄带电磁辐射不合格。针对该问题,通过试验研究,频谱分析,找出了骚扰源,并对其重新进行了改进。经过试验验证,整改后的拖拉机窄带辐射完全符合标准要求,顺利通过了出口认证测试。