Habitat selection of freshwater‐dependent cetaceans and the potential effects of declining freshwater flows and sea‐level rise in waterways of the Sundarbans mangrove forest,Bangladesh

• 1. Generalized additive models of sighting data for cetaceans collected during two surveys of waterways in the Sundarbans mangrove forest of Bangladesh indicated that Ganges River dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica distribution was conditionally dependent (P<0.05) on low salinity, high turbidity, and moderate depth during both low and high freshwater flow; and Irrawaddy dolphin Orcaella brevirostris distribution was conditionally dependent (P<0.05) on low salinity during high freshwater flow, high and moderate depths during low and high freshwater flow, respectively; low and high‐low extremes of turbidity during low and high freshwater flow, respectively; and high temperature and increasing numbers of large–small channel confluences during low freshwater flow.
• 2. According to sighting data collected over a 3‐year period by the captains of three nature tourism vessels, there were significant differences between the actual and expected frequencies of Ganges River dolphin sightings and individuals according to various channel types (chi‐square=64.22, P<0.0001 and chi‐square=134.14, P<0.0001, respectively, df=6) and of Irrawaddy dolphin sightings and individuals (chi‐square=15.28, P=0.0182, and chi‐square=29.42, P<0.0001, respectively, df=6), with shared preferences for wide sinuous channels with at least two small confluences or one large confluence.
• 3. The dependency exhibited by both species for environmental characteristics associated with abundant freshwater flow, including low salinity and the availability of confluences, make them particularly vulnerable to habitat loss due to upstream water abstraction and sea‐level rise.
• 4. Although the results of this study may not affect plans for construction in India of large‐scale, inter‐basin water transfer projects that will result in further declines in freshwater flows, or decisions within the international community about CO₂ emissions affecting global sea levels, they can be used to prioritize locations where protective measures could be employed to benefit the long‐term conservation of both species.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

噬菌蛭弧菌对乌鳢养殖水质的影响

为了探讨噬菌蛭弧菌制剂净化水质和病害防治的效果,试验以0.75 mL/m2的用量向乌鳢养殖池泼洒浓度为1.0×108pfu/mL的噬菌蛭弧菌制剂,观察7 d内养殖池的pH、DO、NH3-N、NO2--N含量及弧菌总数等主要水质指标以及乌鳢死亡数目的变化。向乌鳢养殖池加入噬菌蛭弧菌后,试验组与对照组相比,NH3-N、NO2--N含量及弧菌总数明显减少(p<0.05),DO明显增大(p<0.05),但pH变化不明显(p>0.05);乌鳢死亡率也明显减少(p<0.05)。试验结果表明,以0.75 mL/m2的用量向乌鳢养殖池泼洒浓度1.0×108pfu/mL的噬菌蛭弧菌制剂,有利于提高DO含量及乌鳢存活率,降低NH3-N、NO2--N含量及弧菌总数。     

Effect of water temperature and chlorophyll abundance on shell growth of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, in suspended culture at different depths and sites

To understand the relationships between shell growth and some environmental factors, we examined the relationships between water temperature or chlorophyll abundance and the shell growth of the Japanese pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii, suspended at three different depths at two sites. Growth in height, length and thickness of the shells were limited by water temperature during winter (< 20 °C), whereas growth in thickness correlated with food abundance, measured as chlorophyll, during early summer (> 20 °C). These results suggest that the shell of P. fucata martensii could grow well at locations with greater abundance of food and adequate water temperatures (20–26 °C), resulting in a longer growing season.     

荸荠的贮藏保鲜研究

研究了杀菌剂、保鲜液、包装条件、贮藏条件对荸荠保鲜的影响,结果表明,经过杀菌和保鲜处理后进行贮藏,荸荠保鲜贮藏的最佳条件为真空包装、贮藏温度0～4 ℃,贮藏期可达两个月.     

Distribution and abundance of overwintering Calanus finmarchicus in the Faroe–Shetland Channel

The distribution and abundance of overwintering Calanus finmarchicus in the Faroe–Shetland Channel was studied during December 1994 and January 1995. Maximum abundance of animals in the Channel was approximately 50 000 m⁻², with a peak concentration of 627 m⁻³ at a depth of 930 m. Copepodite stages IV and V accounted for > 98% of the population. A clear association was found between the horizontal and vertical distribution of animals and the Arctic water masses in the bottom of the Faroe–Shetland Channel. The Wyville–Thomson Ridge formed a barrier to the southern distribution of Arctic waters and the abundance of overwintering C. finmarchicus was 25 times lower to the south of the Ridge than to the north. Spatial variability in lipid content and composition indicated that overwintering C. finmarchicus in the southern Norwegian Sea were in poorer condition with respect to wax ester content, and in a more advanced state of emergence from overwintering, than the animals within the Channel. The overwintering stock in the Channel probably originated from the Norwegian Sea or from north of the Faroe Islands. The Faroe–Shetland Channel is an important source of animals advected into the northern North Sea in the spring (March/April). The population abundance in the Faroe–Shetland Channel was estimated to be 4.5 × 10¹⁴ individuals, which is more than adequate to account for the mean concentration of adult stages observed in the northern North Sea in April.     

Do fathead minnows,Pimephales promelas Rafinesque,alter their club cell investment in responses to variable risk of infection from Saprolegnia?

Fish in the Superorder Ostariophysi possess large epidermal club cells that release chemical cues warning nearby conspecifics of danger. Despite the long‐held assumption that such club cells evolved under the selective force of predation, recent studies demonstrated that predation has no effect on club cell investment. Rather, club cells have an immune function and cell production may be stimulated by skin‐penetrating pathogens and parasites. The current work investigates whether fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, alter their club cell characteristics based on variation in infection risk. In a 2 × 3 design, we exposed minnows to infective cysts of two oomycete species (Saprolegnia ferax and S. parasitica) at three different concentrations (2, 20 or 200 cysts L^?1). Club cell characteristics (number and size) were quantified 12 days after exposure. Saprolegnia parasitica is thought to be more pathogenic than S. ferax, hence we predicted greater club cell investment and a larger turnover rate of cells by minnows exposed to S. parasitica than S. ferax. We also predicted that minnows exposed to higher numbers of cysts should invest more in club cells and have a higher turnover rate of cells. We found no difference in club cell density or size between fish exposed to the two Saprolegnia species; however, fish exposed to high concentrations of pathogens had smaller club cells than those exposed to low concentrations, indicating a higher rate of turnover of cells in the epidermis.     

资源禀赋、收入结构与就业特征对农地承包权退出意愿的影响

为农地承包权的顺利退出提供参考,对苏州市和宿迁市7个村庄391家农户的调查数据,采用二元logistic回归模型分析农户资源禀赋、收入结构和就业特征对农地承包权退出意愿的影响。结果表明:1)资源禀赋方面,承包地面积、承包地块数、实际经营面积、宅基地面积以及是否发生过土地流转对承包权退出意愿影响不显著,而拥有城镇住房的家庭退出意愿更强烈。2)就业特征方面,农民外出务工时间越长、上班地点离农村越远、从事的职业与农业相关性越弱,则农户退出土地承包权的意愿越强烈,同时接受过非农技巧培训的农户更愿意退出土地承包权。3)收入结构方面,工资性收入所占比重越高则农户退出承包权的意愿越强,而家庭经营性收入占比较高的家庭越不愿退出承包地。     

不同栽培技术对马铃薯水份利用率的影响

在三种不同的栽培技术中,地膜覆盖平均WUE为1.69kg/mm较平作平均WUE1.26kg/mm提高34.13%水分利用率,垄作平均WUE为1.47kg/mm较平作提高16.67%水分利用率,脱毒马铃薯的平均WUE为1.60kg/mm,未脱毒马铃薯的平均WUE为1.34kg/mm,水分利用率提高19.35%。平作种植方式马铃薯现蕾至成熟期需水量占整个生育期到90%左右;垄作种植方式76.86~83.3%;地膜覆盖种植方式73.08~77.08%,垄作与地膜覆盖后马铃薯水分的利用趋于合理。进行地膜覆盖和垄作后能使植株健壮,单窝薯重,大中薯商品薯率高,从而提高马铃薯的产量。     

工业区河涌污染与生态危害评价——以佛山三水大塱涡涌为例

在对工业区大塱涡涌水质及底泥重金属进行调查与分析的基础上,评价了底泥重金属潜在生态危害。结果表明,大塱涡涌水体COD、氨氮、总磷、DO与重金属Cr均超过地表水Ⅴ类水体标准,属于劣Ⅴ类水体;底泥重金属Cu、Zn与Cd平均含量超出土壤环境质量三级标准,且重金属Cu、Zn、Pb平均含量超过农用污泥污染物控制标准,该河段疏浚底泥不宜作为肥料直接施用于农田;大塱涡涌表层底泥重金属的潜在生态危害程度总体为强,几种重金属潜在生态危害平均程度从大到小为：Cd〉Cu〉Pb〉Zn〉Cr。     

Soil physical quality of a Brazilian Oxisol under two tillage systems using the least limiting water range approach

Plant growth is directly affected by soil water, soil aeration, and soil resistance to root penetration. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is defined as the range in soil water content within which limitations to plant growth associated with water potential, aeration and soil resistance to root penetration are minimal. The LLWR has not been evaluated in tropical soils. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the LLWR in a Brazilian clay Oxisol (Typic Hapludox) cropped with maize (Zea mays L. cv. Cargil 701) under no-tillage and conventional tillage. Ninety-six undisturbed soil samples were obtained from maize rows and between rows and used to determine the water retention curve, the soil resistance curve and bulk density. The results demonstrated that LLWR was higher in conventional tillage than in no-tillage and was negatively correlated with bulk density for values above 1.02 g cm⁻³. The range of LLWR variation was 0–0.1184 cm³ cm⁻³ in both systems, with mean values of 0.0785 cm³ cm⁻³ for no-tillage and 0.0964 cm³ cm⁻³ for conventional tillage. Soil resistance to root penetration determined the lower limit of LLWR in 89% of the samples in no-tillage and in 46% of the samples in conventional tillage. Additional evaluations of LLWR are needed under different texture and management conditions in tropical soils.