Effect of presence of rumen protozoa on degradation of cell wall constituents in gastrointestinal tract of cattle

The cell wall constituents of feces from three faunated and three defaunated (without ruminal ciliate protozoa) cattle fed on a Sudangrass hay and concentrate mixture (8:5) were analyzed. There was little difference in digestibility of dry matter between the faunated and defaunated cattle. Analysis of the fecal sugar residues revealed that the digestibilities of arabinose and galactose, derived from pectic and hemicellulosic substances located within the compound middle lamella, were higher in the defaunated cattle than the faunated cattle (P < 0.05), whereas the digestibilities of glucose and xylose, derived mainly from cellulose and xylan, were unchanged by the removal of protozoa. The digestibility of lignin was not different between the faunated and defaunated cattle, but those of mannose and p‐coumaric acid were lower in the defaunated than in the faunated animals (P < 0.05). The ratio of primary cell wall to secondary cell wall in fecal plant materials was lower for the defaunated than for the faunated cattle. The results in this study suggested that the defaunation enhanced the microbial degradation of the thin cell walls, but depressed the degradation of developed cell walls.     

Pea extracellular Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase responsive to signal molecules from a fungal pathogen

We previously reported that the release of O₂ ⁻ from isolated pea cell walls was enhanced by a 70-kDa glycoprotein elicitor but was suppressed by mucin-type glycopeptide suppressors (supprescins A and B) prepared from pycnospore germination fluid of Mycosphaerella pinodes, causal agent of Mycosphaerella blight of pea. Here, we show that superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the apoplast fluid/cell wall of pea seedlings responds to the fungal elicitor and suppressor molecules. In a pharmacological study and with internal amino acid sequencing, the apoplastic SOD in a pea cultivar Midoriusui was found to be a Cu/Zn type SOD. We cloned a full-length cDNA of the Cu/Zn-SOD and designated it as PsCu/Zn-SOD1. An increase in PsCu/Zn-SOD1 mRNA and the PsCu/Zn-SOD1 protein was induced by treatment with the elicitor more intensively than by wounding. Such induction by the elicitor or wounding, however, was inhibited by the concomitant presence of supprescins. The SOD activity of recombinant PsCu/Zn-SOD1 was regulated directly by these signal molecules in a manner similar to their effect on the SOD activity in the apoplastic fluid and in the cell wall-bound proteins. Based on these findings, we discuss a role for PsCu/Zn-SOD1 in the pea defense response. The nucleotide sequence data of PsCu/Zn-SOD1 reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under accession number AB189165.     

4株鸭源肠球菌的鉴定和致病性

对临床分离的4株鸭源肠球菌郑1株、郑2株、郑3株、北京株和1株粪肠球菌参考菌株进行了系统鉴定,并用SDS-PAGE和Western-blot技术对各菌株细胞壁蛋白图谱进行比较分析。结果5个菌株的形态、染色、生理生化特性均与粪肠球菌特性一致;它们均对青霉素、万古霉素和庆大霉素敏感而对四环素耐药;5个菌株人工感染雏鸭及小白鼠均有致病性,但各菌株间致病力存在差异,北京株最强,参考株最弱,其余3株介于北京株和参考株之间;各菌株的细胞壁蛋白经SDS-PAGE在相对分子质量33 370~131 690之间均显示数十条蛋白带,其中郑2株和北京株在相对分子质量66 840处均有1条染色较深的蛋白带,而用Western-blot分析显示抗北京株胞壁蛋白抗体只能检测到北京株相对分子质量为66 840的抗原蛋白。以上结果表明,这5个被检菌株为致病性粪肠球菌,且致病性以北京株最强。     

荔枝果皮对外源钙和蔗糖吸收及向细胞壁沉着的研究

利用放射性同位素示踪技术研究荔枝果皮对外源钙和蔗糖的吸收及细胞壁构建规律。结果表明,进入果皮的蔗糖主要被用以构建细胞壁,但随果实发育,蔗糖用于构建细胞壁比例减少,更多分布于果皮组织的可溶性成分中;果梗向果实运输钙的效率远远低于蔗糖运输效率;NAA处理果实短期内可明显促进蔗糖向果实运输,但不能促进果梗的钙进入果实,说明蔗糖和钙向果实运输有不同调控机制;施于果实表面的钙虽可被吸收并成为细胞壁的结构钙,但比例不到千分之一;硝酸(根)离子和NAA可一定程度促进外源钙向细胞壁沉着;抗裂的怀枝果皮细胞壁的钙含量比易裂的糯米糍高,其细胞壁结合外源钙的能力也强于后者,说明前者细胞壁中果胶半乳糖醛酸残基含量高于后者,也是怀枝具有较强抗裂性的物质基础之一;2品种14C-蔗糖向果皮细胞壁沉着均在果实发育初期最活跃,怀枝细胞壁构建也只是在果实发育初期比糯米糍更活跃,这就意味着抗裂性形成的关键时期是在果皮发育的初期。     

Decomposition of (1–3,1–4)-β-Glucan and Expression of the (1–3,1–4) -β-Glucanase Gene in Rice Stems during Ripening

Abstract

To elucidate the possible participation of hemicellulose decomposition in lodging resistance, we studied the change of hemicellulose and cellulose content in the stems of rice during the ripening stage by methylation analysis and the expression of related genes by Northern blotting. In the rice stem in ripening stage, content of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan, a component of hemicellulose, decreased markedly although the content of arabinoxylan, a major component of hemicellulose, and cellulose showed little change during the same growth period. On the other hand, expression of the Gns 1 gene, which may encode (1-3,1-4) -β-glucanase that catalyzes the degradation of (1-3,14) -β-glucan, increased sharply in the stem. The mechanism of decomposition of (1-3,1-4) -β-glucan in rice stem and the possible association with lodging resistance is discussed.     

含承压水软基真空联合堆载预压设计

首次运用真空联合堆载预压法加固含承压水地层软基,介绍了该方法在特殊地层的设计方法和现场试验项目,详细阐述了预埋式加筋挡墙和排水系统的施工工艺。本试验的成功将进一步拓展该法的应用领域,对类似地质条件下的真空联合堆载预压设计具有一定参考价值。     

地下连续墙施工探讨

随着各种地下工程的增多,地下连续墙的使用也越来越普及。地连墙施工难度较大,施工过程中对垂直度、护壁、防渗等要求相当高。通过对以往大量地连墙工程的经验总结,对导墙、泥浆护壁、成槽、钢筋笼吊装、混凝土浇筑、接头施工等方面做了简要阐述。只有充分了解每个施工步骤、抓好每个细节,才能保证施工的安全和质量。     

金丝猴腹壁透创一例的治疗

陕西省珍稀野生动物抢救饲养研究中心1只5岁金丝猴发生罕见的腹壁创伤,创口大小9 cm,大部分空肠、回肠和部分结肠脱出体外.经紧急实施手术治疗,术后抗菌消炎、镇痛镇静、补充营养、精心护理,10 d后基本康复.     

Description of an ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block injection technique and the spread of dye in calf cadavers

ObjectivesTo describe an ultrasound-guided rectus sheath (RS) block technique in calves with injections of methylene blue and assess the extent of injectate spread and nerve staining in calf cadavers.Study designProspective, experimental, blinded cadaveric study.AnimalsA total of 16 calf cadavers weighing 30.7 ± 7.1 kg.MethodsUsing an ultrasound-guided, in-plane technique, each cadaver was injected with both a low (LV; 0.25 mL kg^–1) and high (HV; 0.5 mL kg^–1) volume of methylene blue dye. Volumes were randomly assigned to the left or right hemiabdomen. Ultrasound imaging was scored based on landmarks and needle visualization, and duration to perform injections were assessed. Dissections were performed immediately after injections. Staining of ventral branches of spinal nerves and the extent of dye spread were recorded by an anatomist unaware of treatment allocation.ResultsThe number of nerves stained in treatments LV and HV were 2.3 ± 1.7 and 4.4 ± 1.3, respectively (p = 0.0001). Branches of thoracic nerves T7–13 and lumbar nerves L1–2 were completely stained 6.3%, 6.3%, 31.3%, 62.5%, 56.3%, 37.5%, 31.3%, 6.3% and 0%, respectively, in treatment LV and 0%, 12.5%, 50%, 93.8%, 100%, 93.8%, 62.5%, 25% and 6.3%, respectively, in treatment HV. Ultrasound imaging was scored excellent in most cadavers and needle visualization deemed excellent in all injections. The mean duration to perform RS injections in both treatments was 2 (range, 1–6) minutes.Conclusions and clinical relevanceNerve staining results from treatment HV suggest that this RS injection technique could be clinically useful in ventral midline surgical procedures, including umbilical procedures, in calves. This study supports future clinical trials in calves.     

简介砼管护壁法进行钻孔灌注桩断桩的接桩方法

本文结合工程实践提出了一种利用砼管护壁进行断桩的接桩方法。实践证明了此方法的经济性、实用性、可靠性。